Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire PDF
Preview Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire
GENGHIS KHAN AND Th Edited by William W. Fitzhugh Morris Rossabi William Honeychurch Project Administrator Abigail McDermott MONGOL EMPIRE Published by Dino Don Inc., The Mongolian Preservation Foundation and TV i Arctic Studies Center, Smithsonian Institution Sponsored by Don Lessem Vahid Kooros Distributed by University of Washington Press Contents Forewords: Nambaryn Enkbbayar, President of Mongolia 8 Khasbazaryn Bekhbat, Ambassador to the United States 9 Don Lessem 10 Exhibits 12 Contributors 19 1. Introduction: Genghis Khan: Empire and Legacy by William W. Fitzhugh 23 Part I. Before Genghis: Lands and Peoples of Mongolia 2. Mongolia: Heartland of Asia by James Bosson 43 3. Mongolia: Ancient Hearth of Central Asia by Steven B. Young jo 4. Tree Rings, Climate History, and Genghis Khan by Gordon C. Jacoby 53 5. Masters of the Steppe: Peoples of Mongolia by David Sneath 57 6. Mongolian Shamanism: The Mosaic of Performed Memory 65 by Manduhai Buyandelger 7. Sounds from Nature: Music of the Mongols by Peter K. Marsh 72 8. Precursor to Empire: Early Cultures and Prehistoric Peoples 75 by William Honeychurch, William W. Fitzhugh, and Chunag Amartuvshin 9. Empire Building before the Mongols: Legacies of the Turks and Uyghurs *5 by Jonathan K. Skaff and William Honeychurch 10. Genghis Khan Emerges: Power and Polity on the Steppe by Isenbike Togan 9i Part II. Genghis Times 11. Genghis Khan by Morris Rossabi 99 12. Mongol Women by Morris Rossabi no 13. “All the Khan’s Horses” by Morris Rossabi 113 14. Introduction to “The Secret History of the Mongols” by Paul Kahn 117 15. Rule by Divine Right by Shagdaryn Bira 124 16. Ancient Cities of the Steppe by J. Daniel Rogers 127 17. Searching for Genghis: Excavations of the Ruins at Avraga 132 by Noriyuki Shiraishi 18. The Crossroads in Khara Khorum: Excavations at the Center of the Mongol 137 Empire by Ulambayar Erdenebat and Ernst Pohl 19. The Search for Khara Khorum and the Palace of the Great Khan 146 by Hans-Georg Hiittel 10. John of Plano Carpini and William of Rubruck by David Morgan 150 21. Xi Xia: The First Mongol Conquest by Ruth W. Dunnell 153 Part III. The Mongolian Western Empire 22. The Mongolian Western Empire by David Morgan 163 23. Rashid al-Din by David Morgan iyo 24. The Golden Horde and Russia by Daniel C. Waugh 1-33 25. Conquerors and Craftsmen: Archaeology of the Golden Horde 181 by Mark G. Kramarovsky 26. The Mongols at War by Timothy May 191 Part IV. Kublai Khan and Yuan China 27. The Vision in the Dream: Kublai Khan and the Conquest of China by Morris Rossabi 203 28. Emissaries, East and West: Rabban Sauma and Marco Polo by Morris Rossabi 217 29. Ibn Battuta by Ross E. Dunn 220 30. The Yuan Synthesis: Chinese Influence on the Mongol Culture (1271-1368) 223 by Franqois Louis 31. Chinese Influence on Iranian Art in the Mongol Empire by Willem J. Vogelsang 23 3 32. A Marriage of Convenience: Goryeo-Mongol Relations in the Thirteenth and 239 Fourteenth Centuries by George L. Kallander 33. The Lost Fleet of Kublai Khan: Mongol Invasions of Japan by James P. Delgado, 243 Randall J. Sasaki and Kenzo Hayashida 34. Forensics in the Gobi: The Mummies of Hets Mountain Cave by Bruno Frohlich, 233 Tsend Amgalantugs, David R. Hunt, Janine Hinton and Erdene Batshatar 33. Cave Burials of Mongolia by Ulambayar Erdenebat 233) PartV. Genghis Khan's Legacy 36. Mongolia from Empire to Republic, 1400 to 1921 by Pamela K. Crossley 263 37. Buddhism in Mongolia by Shagdaryn Bira 272 38. Genetic Legacy of Genghis Khan by Theodore G. Schurr 276 39. I Conquer Like a Barbarian! Genghis Khan in the Western Poular Imagination 278 by Peter K. Marsh and Myagmar Saruul-Erdene 40. Today’s Genghis Khan: From Hero to Outcast to Hero Again 283 by Nomin Lkhagvasuren Acknowledgments 289 Object Checklist and Illustration Credits 291 Works Cited 299 Index 313 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Notes on Transliteration Genghis Khan and the Mongol empire / edited by William W. Fitzhugh, The Editors have adopted a common sense approach toward translit¬ Morris Rossabi, William Honeychurch eration of foreign words. In general, the following standard systems of p. cm. Romanization have been used: pinyin for Chinese, the revised roman- Published in conjunction with an exhibition which is first appearing ization of Korean of 2000, and Hepburn for Japanese. The Royal at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, February-September 2009. Asiatic Society system has been used for the transliteration of Persian. Includes bibliographical references and index. Antoine Mostaert’s scheme for the transliteration of Classical Mongolian, as modified by Francis Cleaves, has been adopted, except ISBN 978-0-295-98957-0 (alk. paper) for these deviations: 1. Genghis Khan, 1162-1227. -■ Mongols—History—To 1500. 3. Mongolia-Antiquities. 4. Mongols-History. I. Fitzhugh, William W., ch is used for c 1943- II. Rossabi, Morris. III. Honeychurch, William, 1966- IV. Houston sh is used for s Museum of Natural Science. gh is used for y DS22.G46 2009 kh is used for q 950.21092—DC22 j is used for j Cover Macrons and other symbols have not been used in order not to impose Nadaam Riders on the reader. For contemporary Mongolian terms in the Cyrillic alpha¬ Horses have been central to Mongol cultures for thousands of years. bet we use a simplified transliteration system in which some letters and Speed and horsemanship are contested as much today as in the past, diacritical marks represent one or more than one Cyrillic letter as follows: primarily in nadaam festivals held annually in early July. Competitive racing has been an important part of Mongol life for centuries, if not for thousands of years, and was the basis for training Genghis Khan’s 13th- a is used for A 3 century cavalry troops. e is used for i is used for H and H Page i o is used for O and© Whistling arrow u is used for y and Y Mongol battle commanders used whistling arrows as sound signals to y is used for bl initiate battle orders and for disorienting prey during the hunt. The ye is used for E sound was created by wind rushing across small cup-shaped hollows in yo is used for E the arrow stem. ya is used for H yu is used for K) Page 2-3 ‘ is used for b Erdene Zuu Monastery After its heyday in the 13th century, the Mongol capital city, Khara When a Mongolian term has a traditional transliteration in English, such Khorum, declined and knowledge of its location was lost. Archaeological as the word “gobi,” we defer to that form. When authors have requested work conducted in the 20th century identified its buried remains under specific transliterations, we have done our best to accommodate them. and north of the Erdene Zuu monastery. Archaeologists believe the monastery, founded in 1586, is built on the remains of the khan’s palace. Back cover: Paiza Use of metal paizas, or messenger passes, preceded the Mongol period, but were adopted by Genghis and later Mongol khans to guarantee safe passage for official representatives and emissaries throughout the Mongol realm. They were worn about the neck and were inscribed with a silver- inlaid message proclaiming that anyone harming the bearer could be put to death. Early paizas were shaped as oblong plates, while those of the Yuan period like this one were round and inscribed with £Phags-pa script. Lenders to the Exhibition The Dornod Province Museum, Mongolia The Dornogobi Province Museum, Mongolia Natsag Gankhuyag, Arlington, Virginia Larry and Pat Gotuaco, San Francisco, California The Institute of Archaeology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Vahid and Cathy Kooros, with the cooperation of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Arthur Leeper, Belvedere, California The Military Museum of Mongolia The National Library of Mongolia The National Museum of Mongolia The Qinxuan Collection, San Francisco, California The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg Foreword I am pleased that well-known Mongolian and American scholars and scientists, cultural, educational, and scientific organizations, including the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum of Mongolia, are once again so graciously engaged in an international project for both a touring exhibition and a compre¬ hensive book, Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Both this hook and the exhibition are build¬ scholars worldwide contributed to this ing a magnificent bridge of mutual under¬ volume, among them editors William W. standing and support, education, and col¬ Fitzhugh, William Honeychurch, and laboration between Mongolia and America, Morris Rossabi. I have had the pleasure between the people of East and West, as of meeting with many of these scholars, well as between the past and the present, who have devoted years of meticulous re¬ and so, paving a solid foundation for the fu¬ search to Mongol studies. I highly appreci¬ ture. I am happy that hundreds of thousands ate their scholarship and the light it sheds of Americans, especially young people will on the many puzzles of Mongol history. benefit from this wonderful cultural project. In wholeheartedly thanking the or¬ Mongolia has a rich history. Although ganizers and sponsors of this fascinat¬ insignificant in numbers, the Mongols es¬ ing book and international exhibition I tablished the world’s largest land empire, wish to express my confidence that your stretching from the Pacific to the Mediter¬ endeavors will expand the ties of friend¬ ranean, from Siberia to the Himalayas, ship and cooperation between Mongo¬ under the able leadership of the legend¬ lia and the United States of America. ary Genghis Khan—widely recognized as The Man of the Second Millennium. It was the Great Mongol Empire that caused the first wave of globalization with ensuing free trade and exchange of ideas. An efficient and transparent tax system, the notion of diplomatic immunity, un¬ precedented postal and communications networks encompassing all parts of the great empire, tolerance of various reli¬ gions—all were introduced by the Mongol empire. However, the secrets of Mongol success and the achievements that created a lasting impact on world history are still not well known beyond Mongolia. Nambaryn Enkhbayar An impressive number of famous President of Mongolia 8
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