Genetics, genomics and breeding of maize

307 Pages·5.922 MB·English

by  Ramakrishna Wusirika

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About the Series Series on
BasAicb aAonubdto atAuhdbtev to aShuneetcr etSihedese rc iSoeensrcieepsts, strategies, tools and achievements of genetics, genomics and GenGG Genetics, GenomicSse raSienesdSr i oeeBnsrri eeosne doinng of Crop Plants
breeding of crops have been comprehensively deliberated in 30 volumes each dedicated to
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9 781482 228120

GENETICS, GENOMICS
AND BREEDING OF
MAIZE
Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants
Series Editor
Chittaranjan Kole
Vice-Chancellor
Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University
Mohanpur, West Bengal
India
Books in this Series:
Published or in Press:
(cid:129) Jinguo Hu, Gerald Seiler & Chittaranjan Kole: Sunfl ower
(cid:129) Kristin D. Bilyeu, Milind B. Ratnaparkhe & Chittaranjan Kole:
Soybean
(cid:129) Robert Henry & Chittaranjan Kole: Sugarcane
(cid:129) Kevin Folta & Chittaranjan Kole: Berries
(cid:129) Jan Sadowsky & Chittaranjan Kole: Vegetable Brassicas
(cid:129) James M. Bradeen & Chittaranjan Kole: Potato
(cid:129) C.P. Joshi, Stephen DiFazio & Chittaranjan Kole: Poplar
(cid:129) Anne-Françoise Adam-Blondon, José M. Martínez-Zapater &
Chittaranjan Kole: Grapes
(cid:129) Christophe Plomion, Jean Bousquet & Chittaranjan Kole:
Conifers
(cid:129) Dave Edwards, Jacqueline Batley, Isobel Parkin &
Chittaranjan Kole: Oilseed Brassicas
(cid:129) Marcelino Pérez de la Vega, Ana María Torres,
José Ignacio Cubero & Chittaranjan Kole: Cool Season Grain Legumes
(cid:129) Yi-Hong Wang, Tusar Kanti Behera & Chittaranjan Kole:
Cucurbits
(cid:129) Albert G. Abbott & Chittaranjan Kole: Stone Fruits
(cid:129) Barbara E. Liedl, Joanne A. Labate, John R. Stommel, Ann Slade &
Chittaranjan Kole: Tomato
(cid:129) Byoung-Cheorl Kang & Chittaranjan Kole: Peppers and Eggplants
(cid:129) Hongwei Cai, Toshihiko Yamada & Chittaranjan Kole: Forage Crops
(cid:129) Nalini Mallikarjuna & Rajeev K. Varshney: Peanuts
(cid:129) Robert Henry & Chittaranjan Kole: Eucalypts
GENETICS, GENOMICS
AND BREEDING OF
MAIZE
Editors
Ramakrishna Wusirika
Department of Biological Sciences
Michigan Technological University
Houghton, MI
USA
Martin Bohn
Crop Science Department
University of Illinois
Urbana, IL
USA
Jinsheng Lai
National Maize Improvement Center of China
China Agricultural University
Beijing
China
Chittaranjan Kole
Vice-Chancellor
Bidhan Chandra Agricultural University
Mohanpur, West Bengal
India
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
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Preface to the Series
Genetics, genomics and breeding has emerged as three overlapping and
complementary disciplines for comprehensive and fi ne-scale analysis of
plant genomes and their precise and rapid improvement. While genetics
and plant breeding have contributed enormously towards several new
concepts and strategies for elucidation of plant genes and genomes as well
as development of a huge number of crop varieties with desirable traits,
genomics has depicted the chemical nature of genes, gene products and
genomes and also provided additional resources for crop improvement.
In today’s world, teaching, research, funding, regulation and utilization
of plant genetics, genomics and breeding essentially require thorough
understanding of their components including classical, biochemical,
cytological and molecular genetics; and traditional, molecular, transgenic
and genomics-assisted breeding. There are several book volumes and
reviews available that cover individually or in combination of a few of these
components for the major plants or plant groups; and also on the concepts
and strategies for these individual components with examples drawn
mainly from the major plants. Therefore, we planned to fi ll an existing gap
with individual book volumes dedicated to the leading crop and model
plants with comprehensive deliberations on all the classical, advanced and
modern concepts of depiction and improvement of genomes. The success
stories and limitations in the different plant species, crop or model, must
vary; however, we have tried to include a more or less general outline of
the contents of the chapters of the volumes to maintain uniformity as far
as possible.
Often genetics, genomics and plant breeding and particularly their
complementary and supplementary disciplines are studied and practiced
by people who do not have, and reasonably so, the basic understanding of
biology of the plants for which they are contributing. A general description
of the plants and their botany would surely instill more interest among
them on the plant species they are working for and therefore we presented
lucid details on the economic and/or academic importance of the plant(s);
historical information on geographical origin and distribution; botanical
origin and evolution; available germplasms and gene pools, and genetic
and cytogenetic stocks as genetic, genomic and breeding resources; and
vi Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Maize
basic information on taxonomy, habit, habitat, morphology, karyotype,
ploidy level and genome size, etc.
Classical genetics and traditional breeding have contributed enormously
even by employing the phenotype-to-genotype approach. We included
detailed descriptions on these classical efforts such as genetic mapping
using morphological, cytological and isozyme markers; and achievements
of conventional breeding for desirable and against undesirable traits.
Employment of the in vitro culture techniques such as micro- and megaspore
culture, and somatic mutation and hybridization, has also been enumerated.
In addition, an assessment of the achievements and limitations of the basic
genetics and conventional breeding efforts has been presented.
It is a hard truth that in many instances we depend too much on a few
advanced technologies, we are trained in, for creating and using novel or
alien genes but forget the infi nite wealth of desirable genes in the indigenous
cultivars and wild allied species besides the available germplasms in national
and international institutes or centers. Exploring as broad as possible
natural genetic diversity not only provides information on availability of
target donor genes but also on genetically divergent genotypes, botanical
varieties, subspecies, species and even genera to be used as potential parents
in crosses to realize optimum genetic polymorphism required for mapping
and breeding. Genetic divergence has been evaluated using the available
tools at a particular point of time. We included discussions on phenotype-
based strategies employing morphological markers, genotype-based
strategies employing molecular markers; the statistical procedures utilized;
their utilities for evaluation of genetic divergence among genotypes, local
landraces, species and genera; and also on the effects of breeding pedigrees
and geographical locations on the degree of genetic diversity.
Association mapping using molecular markers is a recent strategy to
utilize the natural genetic variability to detect marker-trait association and
to validate the genomic locations of genes, particularly those controlling the
quantitative traits. Association mapping has been employed effectively in
genetic studies in human and other animal models and those have inspired
the plant scientists to take advantage of this tool. We included examples of
its use and implication in some of the volumes that devote to the plants for
which this technique has been successfully employed for assessment of the
degree of linkage disequilibrium related to a particular gene or genome,
and for germplasm enhancement.
Genetic linkage mapping using molecular markers have been discussed
in many books, reviews and book series. However, in this series, genetic
mapping has been discussed at length with more elaborations and examples
on diverse markers including the anonymous type 2 markers such as
RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, etc. and the gene-specifi c type 1 markers such as
EST-SSRs, SNPs, etc.; various mapping populations including F, backcross,
2
Preface to the Series vii
recombinant inbred, doubled haploid, near-isogenic and pseudotestcross;
computer software including MapMaker, JoinMap, etc. used; and different
types of genetic maps including preliminary, high-resolution, high-density,
saturated, reference, consensus and integrated developed so far.
Mapping of simply inherited traits and quantitative traits controlled
by oligogenes and polygenes, respectively has been deliberated in the
earlier literature crop-wise or crop group-wise. However, more detailed
information on mapping or tagging oligogenes by linkage mapping or
bulked segregant analysis, mapping polygenes by QTL analysis, and
different computer software employed such as MapMaker, JoinMap, QTL
Cartographer, Map Manager, etc. for these purposes have been discussed
at more depth in the present volumes.
The strategies and achievements of marker-assisted or molecular
breeding have been discussed in a few books and reviews earlier. However,
those mostly deliberated on the general aspects with examples drawn mainly
from major plants. In this series, we included comprehensive descriptions
on the use of molecular markers for germplasm characterization, detection
and maintenance of distinctiveness, uniformity and stability of genotypes,
introgression and pyramiding of genes. We have also included elucidations
on the strategies and achievements of transgenic breeding for developing
genotypes particularly with resistance to herbicide, biotic and abiotic
stresses; for biofuel production, biopharming, phytoremediation; and also
for producing resources for functional genomics.
A number of desirable genes and QTLs have been cloned in plants since
1992 and 2000, respectively using different strategies, mainly positional
cloning and transposon tagging. We included enumeration of these and
other strategies for isolation of genes and QTLs, testing of their expression
and their effective utilization in the relevant volumes.
Physical maps and integrated physical-genetic maps are now available
in most of the leading crop and model plants owing mainly to the BAC,
YAC, EST and cDNA libraries. Similar libraries and other required genomic
resources have also been developed for the remaining crops. We have
devoted a section on the library development and sequencing of these
resources; detection, validation and utilization of gene-based molecular
markers; and impact of new generation sequencing technologies on
structural genomics.
As mentioned earlier, whole genome sequencing has been completed
in one model plant (Arabidopsis) and seven economic plants (rice, poplar,
peach, papaya, grapes, soybean and sorghum) and is progressing in an
array of model and economic plants. Advent of massively parallel DNA
sequencing using 454-pyrosequencing, Solexa Genome Analyzer, SOLiD
system, Heliscope and SMRT have facilitated whole genome sequencing in
many other plants more rapidly, cheaply and precisely. We have included
viii Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Maize
extensive coverage on the level (national or international) of collaboration
and the strategies and status of whole genome sequencing in plants for
which sequencing efforts have been completed or are progressing currently.
We have also included critical assessment of the impact of these genome
initiatives in the respective volumes.
Comparative genome mapping based on molecular markers and map
positions of genes and QTLs practiced during the last two decades of the
last century provided answers to many basic questions related to evolution,
origin and phylogenetic relationship of close plant taxa. Enrichment of
genomic resources has reinforced the study of genome homology and
synteny of genes among plants not only in the same family but also of
taxonomically distant families. Comparative genomics is not only delivering
answers to the questions of academic interest but also providing many
candidate genes for plant genetic improvement.
The ‘central dogma’ enunciated in 1958 provided a simple picture
of gene function—gene to mRNA to proteins. The enormous amount of
information generated on characterization of transcripts, proteins and
metabolites now have led to the emergence of individual disciplines
including functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and
metabolomics. Although all of them ultimately strengthen the analysis and
improvement of a genome, they deserve individual deliberations for each
plant species. For example, microarrays, SAGE, MPSS for transcriptome
analysis; and 2D gel electrophoresis, MALDI, NMR, MS for proteomics
and metabolomics studies require elaboration. Besides transcriptome,
proteome or metabolome QTL mapping and application of transcriptomics,
proteomics and metabolomics in genomics-assisted breeding are frontier
fi elds now. We included discussions on them in the relevant volumes.
The databases for storage, search and utilization on the genomes,
genes, gene products and their sequences are growing enormously and
they require robust bioinformatics tools plant-wise and purpose-wise. We
included a section on databases on the gene and genomes, gene expression,
comparative genomes, molecular marker and genetic maps, protein and
metabolomes, and their integration.
Notwithstanding the progress made so far, each crop or model plant
species requires more pragmatic retrospect. For the model plants we need
to answer how much they have been utilized to answer the basic questions
of genetics and genomics as compared to other wild and domesticated
species. For the economic plants we need to answer as to whether they
have been genetically tailored perfectly for expanded geographical regions
and current requirements for green fuel, plant-based bioproducts and for
improvements of ecology and environment. These futuristic explanations
have been addressed fi nally in the volumes.