genetically modified crops and sustainable poverty alleviation in sub-saharan africa PDF
Preview genetically modified crops and sustainable poverty alleviation in sub-saharan africa
GGG MMM CCC EEE NNN EEE TTT III CCC AAA LLL LLL YYY OOO DDD III FFF III EEE DDD RRR OOO PPP SSS AAA NNN DDD SSS PPP AAA UUU SSS TTT AAA III NNN AAA BBB LLL EEE OOO VVV EEE RRR TTT YYY LLL LLL EEE VVV III AAA TTT III OOO NNN III NNN SSS --- SSS AAA UUU BBB AAA HHH AAA RRR AAA NNN FFF RRR III CCC AAA An Assessment of Current Evidence ak cr-io rwf tAdelN rdorWihT yt reelvboaPn i s adpdteonsirau fCSyildloaMciteneG Alleviation in Sub - Saharan Africa ecnediv Etnerru Cf otnemssess AnA issarG endoraA :tcartsbA sihT repap stsacer eht etabed revo ygolonhcetoib yb gnivom tsap y lrevo l,aerleonberge pdynhai gysn leidtlctananaeeceutriilsh rrrantuievicppewmxee yll adceiitfeinde ogsmporc ni .acirfA ehT etabed si devom l maocriftehtopyh risks, to actual results. The ‘appropriateness’ of GM cotton, sweet potatoes, dna eziam si detaulave gnisu xis airetircdiw yle detpecca ni porc: gnideerb dnamed ,del etis ,cificeps ytrevop ,desucof tsoc ,evitceffe dnay llanoitutitsni dna yllatnemnorivne .elbaniatsus suriV - resistant sweet potatoes are not dnamed ,nevird etis ,cificeps ytrevop ,desucof tsoc ,evitceffe rotitsni yllanoitu .elbaniatsus ehT latnemno ryitvinleibaniatsus fo deifidom teews seotatops i ,suougibma tub ton .taerg B t nottoc serocs wol no airetirc fo dnamed, evird etis ,yticificeps dna lanoitutitsni .ytilibaniatsus tI sah suougibmay trevop sucof dna tsoc .ssenevitceffe latnemnorivnE ytilibaniatsus si y ltnerruc ,etaredom tub dluoc yllaitnetop eb etaredom ot .gnorts roFB t ,eziame ht sisylana swohs wol dnamed ,evird tsoc - ,ssenevitceffe dna l anoitutitsni .ytilibaniatsus tI si oot ylrae oot tceted ugibmanu suo etis yticificepsr o ytrevop .sucof lyattinleimbnaonriiavtnsE ussi yltnerruc wol ot ,etaredomt ub dluoc yllaitnetop eb .desiar I edulcnoc yb gninimaxe laitnetop snosaerr of e lnboairtendeitstn aooct eseht eerht spo rectips erd iyelhrltpaorrepnpeagni etai b u nsnioitaivel lyatrev orp oefrutan -.acir fnAarahaS 3 0e0n2uJ a k cr-io rwf tAdelN rdorW idyhebThsilbuP Cover Photograph: La Place du Paysan, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso yramm ueSvitucexE sihT repap seog dnoyeb eht setabed tuoba lacitehtopyh laitnetop stifeneb ro/dna sksirf o yllacit edneeigfidom sporc rof llams sremraf nibus - naraha S.acirfA I yfitnedi evify lediw detpecca airetirc rof gnit alualnaovietnevnoc porc ,gnideerb dna ylppa eseht ot eerhty livaeh dezic iyllbluapcite ndeegifidom sporc rehtie yltnerruc nworg ro gniraen :esaeler metsrerob - tnatsiser tB ,eziam liveewser tnatsi tB ,nottoc dna suriv tnatsiser teews .otatop ehTe vif airetirc :edulcni dnamed - ,del etis - ,cificeps ytrevop - focused, cost - ,evitceffe d na .elbaniatsu syllanoitutitsn idn ayllatnemnorivne air eethiTrC stesiig xosel eioe i nsycthuliocapfnecmfteiubSs tn nosaer ot ezilitumeht — airet ierrc adedeen ot t cseel iehgscoil hoewnrhace ttseb ot pol e.vee tddannaimes sid p ogrnCidee rsbah emoc ot ezingocer taht tnereffid sremraf ni tnereffid saera evah tnereffid ,stniartsnoc osl arutlucirga hcraeser lliw evahot etareneg etis - cificeps .seiteirav oT erusne taht hcraesers margorp dnopser ot ’sremraf ,esrevid gnignahc ,seitiroirp hcraeser tsum eb del yb eht sdnamedf o roopsremraf . ,rehtruF yeht ezingocer taht eseht stniartsnoc ssapmocne ton ylnol acinhcet erusaem ,s hcus sa ,dleiy ro ,stsep tuboicos - cimonoce seno hcus sa ,gnitekram ror obal .ssrt en,heyc mlreegarr neaiisuseqareerrcnI gnisucof rieht noitnetta no roopsremraf gnic af tluciffidorga - laigoloce dna oicos - cimonoce .snoitidnoc enoG era eht syad nehw wen seig oel roetenlhwh bgcyauelrotpihmstiesd yb eutriv fo gnieb wen ;r’on reerdeohmt‘ si won a dezingocer deen ot ezitiroirp dna esoohc eht tsom tsoc - evitceffe seigolonhcet gnomae ht ynam ta ruo .lasopsid nE latnemnoriv ytilibaniatsus sessapmocne ton tsuj dnoces - noitarene gstceffa fo eht neerG noituloveR hcus( sa edicitsep stceffa no ygoloce dnan amuh ,)htlaeh tub osla cisab smelborp hcus sa lios .ytilitref ronoD eugitaf sah detartsulli ehtd een rof institutional sustainability . seotat otPeewS suriV siser tnat teews seotatop era gnieb depoleved yltnioj yb eht nayneKl arutlucirgA hcraeseR etutitsnI )IRAK( dna ,otnasnoM htiw lanoitidda gnidnuf morf DIASU dnae ht dlr o.WknaB e veihtTa istaiwni ton eh ttluser fs oesi rt,eismrer ocar info,re tpr,uerbfeehrtpar detluser morf erusserp dna gnitsixe ygolonhcet fo otnasnoM dna naciremA .stsitneics s ihT noitnettani si elbadnatsrednu nevig eht roop sknil neewteb ,srehcraeser ,stsinoisnetxed na srem r na.ifayneK ,d eysyedrnd aeaneemmIvrrsalauhafriv - tnatsiser teews potatoes, and for .tnatrop meir oem r,aslive e swhac u,ssmelbo rtpnereff i,dsreh tyonam oT ,etad eno ralupopnu yteirav sah neeb yllaciteneg deifidom htiw a nietorpg nitcetorp tsniaga na naciremA niarts fo eht .suriv ehT yteirav sah ton neeb deroliat otm tees remraf suoremunetis - cif isceecpnsereferp rof teews seotatop ereht( era erom naht 98 tnereffid teews .)acir fnsAieiteir aovtatop teewS seotatop era na tnatropmi doof ytiruces ,porc ylralucitrap rof ,nemow dna eran worg yltnanim ondierp tsaE acirfA( ,adna g,Uadn a,wiRdnur u,BayneK dn a.)ainaznaT ytrevoP ni eseht ,saera ,revewoh seod ton tluser morf etauqedani teews otatop ,seiteirav tub rehtar morf ,noitpurroc ,SDIA/VIH gninilced tnargim ,semocni gninilced ytidommoc ,secirp d emra ,tcilfnoc dna egral seitilauqen ini ,dnal htlaew dna .emocni ,ayneK rof ,secy nladtestnrioper sesol 081 semit erom yenom ot noitpurroc naht ot teews otatop lariv .saesid nI eht ecaff o .tnacifingis nyilevital ee rroatat otpee ww see n hfstotifen ee bh,tstniartsn oecseht i hW eli cirtemonoce snoitaulave tsacerof a tnacifingis etar fo nruter no eht tcejorp gnisu(a mumixam detcejorp dleiy niag fo ,)%81 ti did ton redisnoc ytinutroppo .stsoc ehTt eews otato ptcejorp si won gniraen sti htflewt ,raey dna sevlovni revo 91tsitneics s 61( htiw )sDhP dna na detamitse 6$ .noillim nI ,ltasnaorittnn oetcveneowcs otat ogpnideerb ni adnagU saw elba ni tsuj a wef sraey ot poleved htiw a llams tegdub allew - dekilsuriv - tnatsisery teirav .%00 1ylrae nf osnia gdlei yhtiw nI smret fonorivne ,yti lsia bha tn lsii, aewawetltohnpsltemueMmasbGxe - ecnat snii steerews seo tda etsroirpe fynboc en o,ene gdn aecne hegn nod,iltducr oeoo wpctsxceea lephi tcfnoirp y r,ayngooilt outclaeohvte wtennat ssitsseer pdl u.oewvlove noitulo vfEo tsneaptsiser lli wec dneped revewoh no eht tnetxe fo noitceles serusserp hcihw( sdneped yltrap no wohy lediw .)emoc esbeiteir ate vBhdtetubirtsid ehT ecnedneped no otnasnoM rof gnidnuf srewol eht lanoitutitsni ytilibaniatsus fo e ht .tcejorp ehT tcejorp sah detluser ygolon hsct esn tiigotni nibfIe noRieiAclaKsbratred insinoc noi t,asmdroohftsenma rdtna nioib - y.tgenfiatsset ,reev nehiwcloupHsicsid - ytic acpiafciceps gnidliub ni ygolonhcetoib yam ecudorp akcol‘ - ’ni tceffa gnitrevid secruoser morfr ehto yllaitnetop .sdoh t desnmeau sesviitcudorp nottoC nottoC sreffid tahwemos morf eht rehto owt sporc esuaceb ti saw ton depoleved n i noitaroballoc htiw a cilbup larutlucirga hcraeser .etutitsni ,rehtaR otnasnoM depolevedt B nottoc rof naciremA ,sremraf dna nehtsnart derref eht ygolonhcet ot egral sremraf nih tuoS ,acirfA dna ti sah won dehcaer eht lufdnah fo redlohllams nottoc sremraf ni htuoS. a cirfA ehT larutluc ihrcgraaeser dna noisnetxe metsys ni htuoS acirfA sah yllacirotsih neebd esaib sdrawot ,egrallaicremmoc , etihw ,smraf dna si ylno ylwols gnie b.demrofsnart tIs niamer ylivaehpot - ,nwod redneg ,desaib elbanu ot hcaer roop sremraf htiw tnaveler segassemr o .ygolonhce teh tf otnempoleve deh tn itnacifingisn isa wdname dredlohlla m .Ssmurof The Bt cotton used ni inihtahkaM saw ton deroliat ot eht aera ro roop sremraf ta .lla e hT yteirav saw ylpmis derrefsnart morf eht ,SU erehw ti saw depoleved rof egral sremrafd na rieht niam ,tsep eht naciremA .mrowllob nI htuoS ,acirfA ,revewoh eht knipm rowllob .sliaverp ,oslA eht tB nottoc seiteirav dah htooms ,sevael ni tsartnoc ot htuoS nacirfAy riah ,se ideftnlaea beiei l rr toe.aasptg svueamdhcmoitsarsudfs sa jreh tw,Oes nthsceups s agnits bud, have appeared on the Bt cotton. ytrevoP ni eht aera si ton desuacb y roop not t,oycgolonhce t,dna ni ,tcaf eht wen ygolonhcet yam eb gnihsirevopmi sredlohllams yb gnitubirtnoc otrevo - ,noitcudorp dna ecnehr ewol ,secirp ni htuoS acirfA dna .ediwdlrow ecniS eht noitcudortni fo tB nottoc ni htuoS, acirfA seci repvanhellaf yb ,%04 dna erom naht 000,06 srekrowmraf ni eht nottocrotces — enof o eht tseroop stnemges foyteicos — e v ta rsh.ioselbhotj doolF - d ento at sltpeeoor rcrueclviaahf tfel llams sremraf ohw detpoda eht evisnepxe deifidom nottoc htiw stbed fo 2.1$. n oillim H ,revewo ytrevop nidnalatupaM — eht aera erehw eht stalF eradetacol — stluser tonm orf etauqedani ,ygolonhcet tub rehtar morf neves srotcaf detaler ot eht kcal fo lacitilopd na cimon orceewop fo roop larur h t:usonS alcaiurqfeAn udn aslgnidlo hdna wolstsider ,noitubir nairatirohtua erutan ,noitavresnoc tsitile ,msiruot gninilced ffo - mraf ,segaw g ninilced .seitiroht ulaanoitida rctitarcomed nd un,aSDIA/V I,Hseci ryptidomm olcanoitanretni ii ssen eevh iTftocef fy e gesohrltaoenphpc aeott evah neebrevo - rated. Pro g nmi issautlncenop s ee t c,atsnsnB weg isodn9mehiii t svylyateaelnirnipomsil2e - .5 ehT tnuoma fo robal devas si osla .raelcnu evitanretlA ,seigolonhcet hcus sa detargetnI tseP ,tnemeganaM roorga - urfie hodtterolp xnee et boenv a,hserusa elmacigoloce .tnet xlel htiW drager ot latnemnorivne ,ytilibaniatsus tB nottoc sah decuder edicitsepegasu — htiw stifeneb ot eht tnemnorivne dna namuhhtlaeh — tub ereht era snrecnoc gnidrager ehtt capmi nopu larutan ,seimene sa llew sa eht ytilibissop fo gnivlovetsiser ance to the Bt protein. segufeR dna ene ggnidimaryp/gnikca tdsluoc pleh yaled siht ,ecnatsiser tub evah tonn eeb depoleved/detnem eolspmi .raf nottoC seod ton evah sevitaler ni acirfA morf hcihwr epus‘ ’sdeew dluoc .evlove ,ec n le,aHltlnaermenvoorivne ytili b ,asenitiaart esddunosa mdluoc eb stronger. sA ,g e na ryeei.ulrt tgtee ayennghlv tkiertaisirdvanracallopham i ipnu taebeuceltbtittis lnAi Monsanto - dednuf remraf loohcs sah ton decudorp yna tnacifingis .snoitavonni tI saht on depleh otmrofer — a dn yam evahdetabrecaxe — htuoS s’acirfA detcennocsid dnapot - nwod .noisnet xde nhacraes elrarutlucir g famoetsys eziaM ehT atnegnyS noitadnuoF si gnitroppus krow ta IRAK htiw TYMMIC eht(l anoitanretnI ) rtpe not oelne tmeezte vC iBvdzetaonidaMraaepmhmWI e taht si tnatsiser ot eht mets rerob hguorht eht t cee cstnnnaIetmseigsaenRa Mni acirf A)AM R.It(cejorp la rseevietSeir aevvah neeb depoleved yb TYMMIC ni ,ocixeM dna era gnitiawaoib - ytefas ecnaraelc otn igeb .ayne Kn ignitset ekiL eht teews - potato cas ,e eht seicneicifed fo eht nayneK ER metsys evah dedepmia dnamed - del .hcaorppa ehT atnegnySnoitadnuoF — a regrem gnitaroprocnisitravoN — saha roop drocer fo gnitroppustneilc - d e,t sayer bttsus atuhilc tlrlsiaanerisuetrl ucncieilvrbigurapd eht anazniCer hcraes noitats ni .ilaM ehT tnetxe fo egamad yb mets srerob sawy ldetaeper over - detamitse desab no da coh .sesseug oN suorogir stnemssessa erew enod erofebe ht tcejorp saw detrats fo eht tnetxe fo egamad yb mets ,srerob ron fo rehtehw sremraf tlef yeht w ere tan a.cmieflibnogrips nehW eht tcejorp did yevrus 03 steugoahlgluiov rehht t,yrtnuoc enon deifitnedi mets srerob sa eht tsom gniss etrnpiartsnoc nopu ezia m.noitcudorp sAh tiw teews ,seotatop tcejorp syevrus dnuof taht ynam sremraf erew ydaerla isu gn rieht n wo .seiteir atvnatsiser stsitneicS evah demrofsnart lareves eziam seiteirav htiw tnereffid tB sniarts — depoleved yllaitini yb sitravoN dna TYMMIC — elba ot tcetorp tsniaga 3 sepyt fo mets . srero b ,revewoH yeht evah tey ot reenigne noitcetorpniaga ts eht tsom tnatropmi mets rerobn i ,ayneK hcihw stceffa %08 fo eht s’yrtnuoc eziam .porc laruR syevrus evahd eifitnedi laitnetop elbatius lacol seiteirav ot ,mrofsnart tub eud ot ytefasoib ,serudecorp enone vah neeb dereenigne .tey sremraF ezitiroirpun suorem tnere fsfciidtsiretcarahc fo ,eziam dnao t eb ,elbatpecca suoremun tnereffid etairporppa seiteirav lliw evah ot eb deifitnedi d na .demrofsna rytllufsseccus ezia Msi eno fo t ensh apttto srr ,oocnampic midirnfaA si a ceilsp aarbto sfhcum feohtuos nr dna nretsae ,acirfA erehw mets srerob .etanimoderp ,revewoH mets srerob era ay levitaler tnacifingisni gnitubirtnoc rotcaf ot ytrevop ni eseht .saera fO retaerg ecnatropmi erar ehto cimonorgastniartsnoc — hcus sa ,sthguord wol lios ,ytilitref dna ehtw dee Stiga — sa llews a iii other socio - cimonoce dna lacitilop stniartsnoc — such as corruption, HIV/AIDS, poor .noisser plearciti l do,npearu nde ntlaaluq e,nturopsnart ehT tsoc ssenevitceffe fo eht tcejorp si llits desab no krapl l.asbnoitcejorp nI ,tsartnocto reh ssel ylsuoren edgednuf stcejorp evah desu a egnar fo seuqinhcet dna ydaerla devorpe lbapac fo gnitcetorp tsniaga mets srerob ni sremraf .sdleif sA ylrae sa owt sedaced , oga lanoitnevnoc porc sredeerb dah deifitnedi dna erew gnikrow ot evorpmi rerob - re tnatsis .seiteirav sremraF evah gnol desu rieht nwo ,seuqinhcet hcus sa gnisopsid fo porc, eudiser gnignahc eht emit dna epyt fo porc ,detnalp ro gnidda ,lios ,reppep ro hsa otni fael. s lrohw l alcosirdgtoonhlotoceimB — detroppus yb eht hctuDtnemnrevog — h eva neeb desu ot lortnoc eht naisAmets - rerob yb gnicudortni a psaw taht si sti larutan ymene morf .aisA e hT lanoitanretnI retneC rof tcesnI noitcetorP dna ygolocE )EPICI( detanidrooc siht tcejorpd na eht naisA psaw sah won dehsilbatse flesti ni ,ayneKgU ,adna ,ainaznaT ,euqibmazoMd na lareves rehto ,seirtnuoc dna si yldipar .gnidnapxe EPICI sah osla depolevedy llacimonoce heslubpa‘iv - ’sgldnl oi ughpspntpe ieosfs mrsoutcaarr heglt tesnprieerr otbuo fo e zsidalmeif dna llup meht sdrawot mraf ,segde dna taht evah eht dsetdidfae n gefnbo i,r yolttiisolesirtref gnicuder agirtS , d nga nkicdoi tv.sorerevpdidlof ehTsdohtem — hci hewv anhwohs o tecuder sleve lelbigilge no tsrerob — .detpo dgani eybdaer lea rda nsadle i’fsremr a nfdiets ente eebvah er eehrTares t fByotilibaniats ulsatnemnoriv nee hgtnidrag esrnrecn oscuoi - eh tnevi g,eziam ll e sw,agnikca tesn eggnitpmet t saticejo rApM Re.I heTcnatsis etrs edpevlo v fedooohilekil tc u,btluaf e ydtbsi xye asmegu f. eeRcnatsis edrepolev eydllanoitnevn ogcni ssua dluo ss odracerpse dhi twriaweppasid e htta- h styitilibiss orpeht o. nsAeiteir a tvhBt inwoitanillop lli t sseizi a tmhBci how ts(ep yntacir ftAa h ot,stfi hys asmrer ombe t fsnooitisopmoc e ream o nsdievres byodaer l sa,atnelave repr oemmoc e)belbitpecsus .sa ht i,wtcejo roptat otpee we s horttalim iysr estvicejo re p hfytotilibaniats ulsanoitutits neihT dekco laf oytilibisso peh tdn a,gnidnu fynapmo cn oecnaile retelpmoc - citen e ngsouc onfi .stia rntiatr e fcgonireenigne yrammuS oT ,ezirammussuriv - re tnatsis teews seotatop era osla ton yltaerg dnamed ,nevird e tis ,cificeps ytrevop ,desucof tsoc ,evitceffe ro yllanoitutitsni .elbaniatsus ehTl atnemnorivne ytilibaniatsu sfo deifidom teews seotatop si .suougibma B t nottoc serocs wol no airetircf o named d ,evird e,tyitsicif i.cy etldpianslnaiobiatnuitaitt ssunsi tI swo hssuoug isbtmlausern i y ty,rtsei uvl.,c ois eoyp b sdtflsalenatinan arnite teeanvtudrte isborsmtomuuncccsoerfifvenE dluoc yllaitnetop eb etaredom ot .gnorts roFB tsis y ,leea hzntiaam s w ,odwehnovsalimredd cost - .,ystsie lnlieabv naidontniic ataeutftsfiuetssni tI si oot ylrae oot stucoeutgei dbemtainsu yticificeps ro ytrevop .sucof latn eymtniolriibvannEiatsus si yltnerruc wol ot ,etaredomt ub .desi a erybllaitnet odpluoc erehTah s neeb a taerg laed fo tnemeticx erevo eseht wen dereenig nseporc etipsed rieht wol .ytilibatiu s ehT mumixam sniag morf citeneg noitacifidom erallams , hcum rewoln aht htiw lraenh otgiinteindeevenrobc ryogoloceorga - .seuq idyneth si ceacyehbivtTlabeuhp y am eb eud ot eht dezicitilop lanoitanretni setabed tuoba yllaciteneg dereenigne .sporc n I ,ralucitrap ygolonhcetoib smrif evah neeb regae ot esu ciporhtnalihp nacirfA stcejorpr of cilbup snoitalersesoprup . hcuS cilb uypcamitigel yam eb dedeen ybapmoc sein nir ieht .snoital uygleorp o,dnsnolamor tyneotcfa s,osinboitcir tes dee arcsr uttodptemretta vi stnet nefoloCbaT yrammu SevitucexE i stnet nefoloCbaT v snoitaiverbb Af otsiL iv 1. noitaula vrE oafireti r:CnoitcudortnI 1 2. suriV - Resistant Sweet Potatoes 6 3. not ttoBC 20 4. etzBiaM 39 5. noisulcnoC 51 Photo Credits 58 stnemegdelwonkcA 58 setondnE 58 secnerefeR 69 v snoitaiverb bftAosiL CNA sergn olCanoit anNacirfA s Bt sullicaB sisneigniruht CIP ortneC lanoitanretnI ledotatoP TAIC lacipo raTrutlucir gaelAldanoitanret noIrtneC TYMMIC .og i zryíT al Meodtneimaroj el Meldanoitanret noIrtneC EU no innaUeporuE MG deifido MyllaciteneG ah seratceH 1( ah = 74.2ca res) ICIPE ygo l totdsccneE eaPrrseon tfIlnaenCoitanretnI PFI yt rmaoPde earhFtaknI IITA erutluci rlgaAcip oefrtoTutit slnaInoitanretnI FMI dn uyFraten olManoitanretnI IPM tn edm eettgsaaernPgaeMtnI IRDP tce jtonrePmpol elv aedrDeutRargetnI AMRI acir frA oefzi atMnatsis etRcesnI AAASI ir g fAnooitisiuq ceA hrt oefcivr elSanoitanretnI -snoitacilp phAcetoiB IRAK etutits nhIcraes elRarutlucir gaAyneK CCK seiremae reCvitarepo oaCyneK NZK lat auNluZawK E&R noisnet xd EnhacraeseR SDI polev elDaitapS evitaitin Itnem SPCSV Sweet Potato Chlorotic Stunt Virus SPVD teewS otatoP suriVesaesiD VMFPS Sweet Potato Feathery Mottle Virus DIASU tnempolev elDanoitanret nr Ioyfcne gsAeta tdSetinU OTW noitazina gerdO adrlTroW iv 1. Introduction: Criteria for Ev aluation T ,y dlne rotdaianl te aunahs cec iyivie lte frellreiohaaatdm bcpaorooibmesltevgedoneg nehw ti semoc ot eht laitnetop rof niag ro mrah ni .acirfA sihT repap skeeso t etubirt nogotncidn usoirh gtetabed nl,iaecc inrreeidhpitmvae ernahtorp sn oriotamalc .snoitaluceps erehT si a taerg htlaew fo ecneirepxe morf hcihw lla detseretni seitrapn ac nrael — wef ,elpoep rof ,ecnatsni era erawa taht cinegsnart teews otatop hcraeser sahn eeb detcudnoc rof eht tsap 31 .sraey I tsacer eht etabed ybsucof gni ssel la cnih ottelhateohpyh l adcn iasgkoslio rce ecdnn ea, iemrroeerp hfxhweteiswl eerom fo nsaisahp mg nenoinimaxe eht tnerruc laitnetop fo esoht yllaciteneg deifidom sporc ,taht gnidrocca ot stnenoporpf o , gcniitreen eednglioghne eht tso mesimorp lat ny ,etgrmrn eneidgovtnn roaauripihovvfneella noitadarged nibus - narahaS .acirfA I etaulave woh ”etairporppa“ hcae ygolonhcet sir of elbania tyst ur,senvooiptaive lglnaisu xis :airetir cdnamed ,del etis ,cifice pystrevop, desucof d en,aevitcef ftesoc .elbaniatsu syllanoitutitsn idn ayllatnemnorivn tI t ns aisstse r einoeongop t teoimt a rtltinyufoaoa etlofinierrarhvheevpcetfveoelfortlippadpa . anciir fA S syel ipeg msotiulsaoicnxehebce tsi tonus tn eniocsiafefr o tezilimteuht — airetirc are needed to tceles hcihw seigolonhcet era tseb ot poleved dna .etanimessid nAy golana th gyifmiral ceht :tniop eno dluow ton esu sresal ot t,usce oytl apemmsoiu tsascreebsa lmees erom ”decnavda“ ro ”,cifitneics“ nehw adoog - ytilauq efink dluow od eht boj hcumetteb r, dna ta a noitcarf fo eht .tsoc ehT laicurc tniop si ton ot esoohc neewteb ”ecneics“ ro ”,noit irt osnre ee”pwyu tgsweo“eblno“nhcet susrev dlo“ ”.sloot ,rehtaR siht troper sesserdda emos lai csunrocitseu qtaht lla devlovni deen ot :ksa hcihW epyt focs ?ecne ih ceiphy Wtfo ?w o dh? nsAedic e od? hsWeigolonhc ewten Demand Led ehT tpecnoc n ofiotapici tyrbap roop elpoep ni eht stcejorp dna seicilo ptaht tceffa rieht sevil sah won emoceb daerpsediw ni eht ecitcarp fo lanoitanretni .tnempoleved picitraP noitan i noisiced , g,nniokiatmatnemelp mdina noitaulave sah suoremu n,stifen egbnidulcnig nirusne evitceffe esu fo ,secruoser gnirusne ,pihsrenwo gnizilibom lacol ,secruoser gnidliubl acol ,yticap asdcsne ang.enyvitiri suldnsinonbapeastenruocca 1 citraP noitapi sah osla emoc ot eb .snezit i fctohg ilratnemadn u safnaees 2 n orietmarpaiFc idtnra a”pdnamed“ si osla w odnezingoce rsa lacitirc ot gentiariurspnoerppa larutlucirg ahcraeser rof llams.sremraf 3 ehT dlroW s’knaB ygetarts rof larurt nempoleved e sezisahpmdnamed“ - nevird dna yllaicnanif elbaniatsus lanoitan hcraeser dna n oisnetxe ”.smetsys 4 A y g rowolejoianvmhecr eytb eht n oNciUisms oirnmo o mfacsocEeCisrsfeArts gnivig“ a eciov ni ytiroirp gnittes otpihsrebmem - groups that are truly representat evif o resource - roop”.sremraf 5 dnameD“ - ,nev iyrrdotapicitrap dna citsilaru llpanoitl aanrutlucirga hcraeser ”smetsys era dezisahpme yb acirfA ygetartS tnemucod fo eht tsomerofe diwdlrow rutluc ilragnAoitan rp e unteoonvrIiGtatlu s,enkhortCo whtcernaeser .)RAIG Ch(craes elRa 6 ehT secneuqesnoc fo ton gnivlovni sremraf ni gninimreted hcraeser seitiroirp evahe moceb .raelc emoS fo ehttsom - decneirepxe stsylana fo porc hcraeser evah nwohs etiuq( otr ieht nwo )yamsid taht ’stsitneics seitiroirp ,evah yb dna l ,egra emoc ot eb denimreted not 1 gnidrocca ot dez isneasgyrloana d nnaoisserpx eyb roo p’sremraf fo rieht nwo .sdeen rehtaR ’stsitnei chscraeser scipot dna sdohtem era ,denimreted ni ,ecitcarp ni a derettacs noihsafy b resahtltsuecriettr nafipo hcaeidni .re hlcarua de i ssvne etoversils etoerrivheennTetgipnoicer ni lanoitanretni cifitneics ,selcric rieht ’seugaelloc ,stseretni lanruoj ,erutaretilc itarcuaerub ,noitomorp secruos fo ,gnidnuf devlosernu cifitneics ,samgine sdnamed fo regral dnae rom neulfni .rehto n rayotidomm oec n ooetcnaigel lda n,agninia rytranilpics i,dsremr alfait 7 ,ydaerlA ’snezitic“ ”seiruj evah neeb ,detcudnoc ni hcihw tnereffid elpoepsekopst neserp rieht esac rof ro tsniaga ,ygolonhcetoib gnisu ecnedive dna erofeb a ,yruj hcumekil n a lamrofni .moortruoc 8 esehT smurof nac pleh ot erahs gnireffid ,stniopweive garuocne ssenerawa d ntanemevlovn ini ytiro igrnpittes dna noisi c.egdnikam ,revewoH yeht naco sla eb ,wollahs nekot sesicrexe gniwolla seinapmoc dna stnemnrevog ot mialc yeht e vah .eta bleadnoi thasnit i erhhB ttei s w easoehcrtbtae p”sp,aaelp oee hpdte“tlusnoc 9 oT timsnart ’sremraf ,sdnamed eno sdeen a citarcomed ,tnemnrevog dna ad ezilartneced metsys fo hcraeser dna noisnetxe )E&R( dna ,gnorts ,evitatneserperllew - deknil sremraf .snoitazinagro 10 yB ”dezilartneced“ si tnaem a metsys nierehw tnacifingis srewop d na secruoser evah neeb yleruces derrefsnart ot lacol stnemnrevog taht era evitatneserperd na yldrawnwod elbatnuocca ,ot dna starcuaerub evisnopser ,ot riehteutitsnoc nts. Two dangers ni noitazilartneced era taht lartnec srewop lliw tsiser gnirrefsnart srewop ro ,secruoserr o srewop dna secruoser lliw eb derrefsnart ot lacol srotca taht era ton , elbatnuocca .evisn oe pvrsioetratneserper 11 Site Specific s reevmarhaFm st nei latpraithtstln uoecr aylhgiehtis - drneamraf - .cifi dc,nesapumsheTd - del hcraeser dluohs sserdda eseht ,stniartsnoc saerehw hcraeser detavitom yb rehto snosaers i ylekil rehtie ot ton eb ,detpoda ot eb detpoda ylno yb niatrec ,spuorg ro ot evahinu dednetn secneuqesnoc erehw ti si.detpoda 12 selpmaxE era :efir dirbyh eziam gnikat oot gnolo t ,erutam naisA ecir ylisa eemocrevo yb nacirfA ,sdeew wen stelli mgniliaf no elitrefn, islios cifilorp avassac oot egral ot.ssecorp 13 fI wen sporc era ot ebpoda det dna tifenebr oop ,sremr aefht sporc tsum eb den u,tst tal na oichtaicrsityhshwnpo ocniab cedulc n,liyitoislitref gniw o,rn go,sl al,eassfensia ae,rssiddeew dna .stsep yehT tsum osla eb llew detius otoicos - ci m,osnrooctec ahfcus sa emit f o,gnitnalp tnuoma fo robal dedeen ot ,wos ,tsevrah ,ssecorp ,tekram .cte esehT srotcaf yrav neewteb smraf dna ,sremraf sa llew sa revo.emit 14 h cuM hcrae sydelerstuaomiirtessere denhut tnetxe fo remr a,fytisrevid ton tsael niht, iswdlohesuoh ssaraloh cfso rednegc . dyelwroahesl 15 tI thguos ot yfitnedi suoenegomoh tegrat“ ”spuorg ot hcihw teknalb snoitadnemmocer dluoc eb .nevig 16 gnisserddA remraf ytisrevids liatne et iosstnoitavon nhicraes egrniroliat -.stnemeriuq ecrificeps Poverty Focused sihT noiretircpmocne sessa owt :snoitaredisnoc )1( hcraeser sesserdda sporc taht eran worg yb roop ,sremraf dna taht eva htnaci flianigtinsetop rof gnitai v;eyltlraevop )2( hcraeserl liw ylno e veibtc effif eereht sitne me nvaoirciuvdnneoc — depahs yb lanr estrxoetc adfnoyebht e dlei fmraf — . etrloobnatif o)rlpar e nnnoeiigtcud od rn p p anoef(orhoicttcud ogrnpikam 17 2
Description:The list of books you might like
