Genetic Modification of Plants: Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry

703 Pages·2010·4.99 MB·English

by  John J. Finer (auth.)

Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
Volume 64
Series Editors
Prof. Dr. Jack M. Widholm (Managing Editor)
285A E.R. Madigan Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences,
University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory,Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Prof. Dr. Horst Lo¨rz
Biozentrum Klein Flottbek,Molekulare Phytopathologie und Genetik,
Universita¨t Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
Prof. Dr. Toshiyuki Nagata
ProfessorandDean,FacultyofBiologicalSciencesandAppliedChemistry,
Hosei University,3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan;
Emeritus Professor of the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 113-0033,Japan
Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
Further volumes can be found at springer.com.
Volume31:SomaticEmbryogenesisandSyntheticSeedII(1995)
Volume32:CryopreservationofPlantGermplasmI(1995)
Volume33:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsVIII(1995)
Volume34:PlantProtoplastsandGeneticEngineeringVI(1995)
Volume35:TreesIV(1996)
Volume36:SomaclonalVariationinCropImprovementII(1996)
Volume37:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsIX(1996)
Volume38:PlantProtoplastsandGeneticEngineeringVII(1996)
Volume39:High-TechandMicroprogationV(1997)
Volume40:High-TechandMicroprogationVI(1997)
Volume41:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsX(1998)
Volume42:Cotton(1998)
Volume43:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsXI(1999)
Volume44:TransgenicTrees(1999)
Volume45:TransgenicMedicinalPlants(1999)
Volume46:TransgenicCrops1I(1999)
Volume47:TransgenicCropsII(2001)
Volume48:TransgenicCropsIII(2001)
Volumes1–48wereeditedbyY.P.S.Bajaj†
Volume49:SomaticHybridizationinCropImprovementII(2001)
T.NagataandY.P.S.Bajaj(Eds.)
Volume50:CryopreservationofPlantGermplasmII(2002)
L.E.TowillandY.P.S.Bajaj(Eds.)
Volume51:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsXII(2002)
T.NagataandY.Ebizuka(Eds.)
Volume52:BrassicasandLegumes:FromGenomeStructuretoBreeding(2003)
T.NagataandS.Tabata(Eds.)
Volume53:TobaccoBY-2Cells(2004)
T.Nagata,S.Hasezawa,andD.Inze´(Eds.)
Volume54:Brassica(2004)
E.C.PuaandC.J.Douglas(Eds.)
Volume55:MolecularMarkerSystemsinPlantBreedingandCropImprovement(2005)
H.Lo¨rzandG.Wenzel(Eds.)
Volume56:HaploidsinCropImprovementII(2005)
C.E.Palmer,W.A.Keller,andK.J.Kasha(Eds.)
Volume57:PlantMetabolomics(2006)
K.Saito,R.A.Dixon,andL.Willmitzer(Eds.)
Volume58:TobaccoBY-2Cells:FromCellularDynamicstoOmics(2006)
T.Nagata,K.Matsuoka,andD.Inze´(Eds.)
Volume59:TransgenicCropsIV(2007)
E.C.PuaandM.R.Davey(Eds.)
Volume60:TransgenicCropsV(2007)
E.C.PuaandM.R.Davey(Eds.)
Volume61:TransgenicCropsVI(2007)
E.C.PuaandM.R.Davey(Eds.)
Volume62:RiceBiologyintheGenomicsEra(2008)
H.-Y.Hirano,A.Hirai,Y.SanoandT.Sasaki(Eds.)
Volume63:MolecularGeneticApproachestoMaizeImprovement(2009)
A.L.KrizandB.A.Larkins(Eds.)
Volume64:GeneticModificationofPlants:Agriculture,HorticultureandForestry(2010)
F.KempkenandC.Jung(Eds.)
Frank Kempken Christian Jung
l
Editors
Genetic Modification
of Plants
Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Editors
Prof.Dr.FrankKempken Prof.Dr.ChristianJung
InstituteofBotanyandBotanicalGarden PlantBreedingInstitute
ChristianAlbrechtsUniversityofKiel ChristianAlbrechtsUniversityofKiel
Olshausenstr.40 Olshausenstr.40
24098Kiel,Germany 24098Kiel,Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
ISSN0934-943X
ISBN978-3-642-02390-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-02391-0
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009933124
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010
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This book is dedicated to
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Gerhard Ro¨bbelen
on the occasion of his 80th birthday for
his lifetime contribution to applied plant
genetics.

Preface
Today modern agriculture is facing new challenges. Total yields have to be
increasedduetothecontinuingpopulationgrowthofmankindandduetochanging
food consumption. However, global climate creates new problems but also new
opportunitiesforagriculture.Formorethanadecadetheyearlyyieldincreasesof
majorfoodstapleshavebeenonthedecline,whichisduetooptimizedproduction
systemsliketheapplicationofmineralfertilizerandcropprotectionmeasures.But
alsotheyieldincreasesduetogeneticimprovementofcropshavebeenstagnating.
Obviouslyweareapproachingyieldbarriersforanumberofcrops,whichcreatesa
needforinnovationinbreedingsystems.
There is no doubt that further genetic improvement of crops will be a key for
increasing yields in the future. Moreover, breeding must meet the demands for
increasingbiomass(bioenergy)andtheproductionofindustrialrawmaterials.The
breeding of better-adapted and higher-yielding varieties relies crucially on the
available genetic variation. Broad genetic variation is a fundamental prerequisite
forsuccessfulbreeding.Apartfromothertechnologieslikewidecrosses,mutation
breeding and somatic hybridization, genetically modified plants will play an in-
creasinglyimportantroleinfuturebreedingsystemseitherbecausenaturalgenetic
variation has been largely exploited or because natural variation is completely
lacking from the primary and secondary or even from the tertiary gene pool of a
cropspecies.
Itiscommonlyagreedwithinthescientificcommunitythatgeneticallymodified
plants will be important for future breeding. Adoption rates worldwide have been
increasinginthepasttenyearsinabreathtakingmanner.Intheyear2008geneti-
callymodifiedplantswerecultivatedbyabout13.3miofarmersfrom25countries
worldwideonatotalacreageofabout125mioha(http://www.isaaa.org/).Numer-
ousinvestigationshaveconfirmedthatcultivationofgeneticallymodifiedplantsis
safe,asfarasapprovedplantsareconcernedwhichhavepassedastepbysteprisk
assessment procedure, as is commonly applied in most countries growing geneti-
cally modified organisms (GMO) today. Instead of this, there is still a big public
debateonGMplantsinanumberofcountries.MainlyintheEuropeanUnion,the
productionofGMplantsisalmostcompletelyavoided.Lowconsumeracceptance
vii
viii Preface
istheonlyreasonpointedoutbypoliticianstoestablishlegalrestrictionsforGMO
production, inspite ofnumerous studies confirming their safety towards the envi-
ronmentorforfoodandfeeduse.Manyscientistshavebeenfrustratedduetothis
debate which is ignoring scientific facts and which is mainly directed by pressure
groupsandnon-governmentalorganizations.
Thisbookwaswrittenwithanintentiontogetbacktothefacts.Inthepastyears
a number of books focusing on GM plants have been published. Some of these
coverallaspects,includingminorcropspecies.So,whyisthere aneed foranew
book?OurbooktriestoaddressallaspectsofGMplants,includingtheiremploy-
mentinaplant-breedingprocedure,andtheirsocioeconomicimplications.Wetry
toemphasizethatGMplantsamongothersareanimportanttoolinplantbreeding
tobroadenthegeneticvariationofcropspecies.
Thebookisstructuredintofourparts.Thefirstpartdealswithtechnicaldetails
ofplantgeneticengineering. Thesecondpart introduces charactersofGMplants,
while the third part presents applications in agricultural production systems. The
lastpartdealswithriskassessmentandeconomicimplications,whichareimportant
aspects of GM plants. The articles are written by scientists who have a long
experience in their field of expertise. We thank the authors for their excellent
contributions,whichmakethisbook,wethink,avaluableresourceforthedifferent
aspects ofGMcrops.Weare aware ofthe fact thatnotalltopics andsomeminor
cropscouldnotbeincludedinthisbook.Weregretthatthiswasnotpossibledueto
size limitations. Finally we are indebted to the Springer publishing company for
supportingthisbook.
Kiel,Germany FrankKempkenandChristianJung
October2009
Contents
PartA GenerationandAnalysisofTransgenicPlants
1 PlantNuclearTransformation .............................................. 3
JohnJ.Finer
1.1 IntroductiontoPlantTransformation ................................. 3
1.1.1 DNAIntroductionBasics ....................................... 3
1.2 TransientExpression .................................................. 4
1.2.1 OptimizationofTransientExpression ......................... 5
1.2.2 TransientExpressiontoStudyGene
ExpressionandStability ........................................ 5
1.3 AgrobacteriumBackground ........................................... 6
1.3.1 AStringofImprovementsforAgrobacterium ................. 7
1.3.2 Agrobacterium–PlantInteractions ............................. 8
1.3.3 ReducingAgents ............................................... 8
1.3.4 Agroinfiltration ................................................. 9
1.3.5 ArabidopsisFloralDip ......................................... 9
1.4 ParticleBombardment ................................................. 10
1.4.1 GeneGuns ...................................................... 11
1.4.2 OptimizationofDNADelivery ................................ 11
1.4.3 ControlofDNAIntegrationPatterns ........................... 12
1.5 OtherDirectDNAUptakeApproaches ................................ 12
1.5.1 Protoplasts ...................................................... 13
1.5.2 WholeTissueElectroporation .................................. 13
1.5.3 SiliconCarbideWhiskers ...................................... 14
1.5.4 NanofiberArrays ............................................... 14
1.5.5 PollenTubePathway ........................................... 15
1.6 EvidenceforTransformation .......................................... 16
1.6.1 DNAPresence .................................................. 16
1.6.2 GeneExpression ................................................ 17
1.7 Conclusions ............................................................ 18
References .................................................................. 18
ix