Genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations

176 Pages·2007·9.04 MB·English

G E N I M P A C T
Genetic impact of aquaculture
activities on native populations
Terje Svåsand, Donatella Crosetti, Eva García-Vázquez, Eric Verspoor (lead editors)
6th Framework plan
of the European Commission
Genimpact- Evaluation of genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.
A European network (EU contract n. RICA-CT-2005-022802). Final scientifi c report, July 2007

G E N I M P A C T
Genetic impact of aqua culture
activities on native populations
Terje Svåsand, Donatella Crosetti, Eva García-Vázquez, Eric Verspoor (lead editors)
6th Framework plan
of the European Commission
Genimpact- Evaluation of genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.
A European network (EU contract n. RICA-CT-2005-022802). Final scientifi c report, July 2007
Svåsand T., Crosetti D., García-Vázquez E., Verspoor E. (eds). (2007).
Genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.
Genimpact fi nal scientifi c report (EU contract n. RICA-CT-2005-022802). 176 p.
http://genimpact.imr.no/
The Genimpact project
Th e project Genimpact, fi nanced by the European Commission, started in November
2005 to review existing knowledge necessary to assess genetic eff ects of aquaculture
on biodiversity, review future research needs, and disseminate this information to a
wider public. To achieve this, Genimpact convened a series of expert workshops on
risk assessment and interbreeding and aquaculture-ecosystem interactions:
I Genetics of domestication, breeding and enhancement of performance
of fi sh and shellfi sh. Viterbo, Italy, 12 -17 June 2006
II Monitoring tools for evaluation of genetic impact of aquaculture
activities on wild populations. Tenerife, Spain, 19 - 21 October 2006
III The use of modelling to assess the risk of genetic impacts on wild
populations from escapes of cultured fi sh.
Pitlochry, Scotland, UK, 15 - 17 February 2007
IV Development of management options to reduce genetic impacts
of aquaculture activities. Thessaloniki, Greece, 19 - 22 April 2007.
Th is publication presents the outputs of these four workshops.
Each section is composed of a series of chapters, and while the report represents an
integrated whole, each chapter can stand alone as an independent document with
regards to some particular subtopic. Some additional linking paragraphs are added
at the beginning of each section to insure that the chapters are appropriately put in
context.
G E N I M P A C T
Genimpact final scientific report 5
Index
Genetic eff ects of domestication, culture and breeding
of fi sh and shellfi sh, and their impacts on wild populations
I
Crosetti D., Lapègue S., Olesen I., Svåsand T. (section editors) 9
Atlantic cod – Gadus morhua
by Jørstad K.E., Fjalestad K.T., Ágústsson T. and Marteinsdottir G. 10
Atlantic halibut – Hippoglossus hippoglossus
by Glover K.A., Svåsand T., Olesen I. and Rye M. 17
Atlantic salmon – Salmo salar
by Verspoor E., Olesen I., Bentsen H.B., Glover K.,
McGinnity P. and Norris A. 23
Common carp – Cyprinus carpio
by Flajšhans M. and Hulata G. 32
European sea bass – Dicentrarchus labrax
by Haff ray P., Tsigenopoulos C. S., Bonhomme F., Chatain B.,
Magoulas A., Rye M., Triantafyllidis A. and Triantaphyllidis C. 40
Gilthead seabream – Sparus aurata
by Sola L., Moretti A., Crosetti D., Karaiskou N., Magoulas A.,
Rossi A.R., Rye M., Triantafyllidis A. and Tsigenopoulos C.S. 47
Turbot – Scophthalmus maximus.
by Danancher D. and García-Vázquez E. 55
Blue mussel – Mytilus edulis,
and Mediterranean mussel – M. galloprovincialis
by Beaumont A., Gjedrem T. and Moran P. 62
European fl at oyster – Ostrea edulis
by Lapègue S., Beaumont A., Boudry P. and Goulletquer P. 70
Pacifi c cupped oyster – Crassostrea gigas
by Lapègue S., Boudry P. and Goulletquer P. 76
Scallops – Pecten maximus and P. jacobaeus
by Beaumont A. and Gjedrem T. 83
European lobster – Homarus gammarus
by Prodöhl P. A., Jørstad K. E., Triantafyllidis A., Katsares V.
and Triantaphyllidis C. 91
Performance improvements by polyploidisation,
gene transfer and DNA vaccination in aquaculture
Colombo L., Crosetti D., Svåsand T. (section editors) 99
Performance improvements by polyploidization in aquaculture
by Piferrer F., Beaumont A., Falguière J.-C. and Colombo L. 100
Applicability of gene transfer into the germinal line in fi sh culture
by Devlin R., Traavik T. and Colombo L. 104
DNA vaccination in fi sh culture
by Nerland A., Traavik T. and Colombo L. 117
Th e semantics of the term “genetically modifi ed organism”
by Colombo L. 123
6 Genimpact final scientific report
Monitoring tools for evaluation of genetic impact
of aquaculture activities on wild populations
II
García-Vázquez E., Danancher D., Marteinsdottir G.,
Svåsand T. (section editors) 127
Assessment of tools for identifying the genetic origin of fi sh
and monitoring their occurrence in the wild
by Blohm D., Bonhomme F., Carvalho, G., Crosetti D., Cross T.,
Dahle G., Danancher D., Devlin R.H., García-Vázquez E., Glover G.,
Guinand B, Hulata G., Jørstad K., Kohlmann K., Lapègue S.,
McGinnity P., Marteinsdottir G., Moran P., Primmer C., Prodöhl P.,
Rise M., Saavedra C., Skaala Ø., Svåsand T., Triantafyllidis A.,
Verspoor E. 128
Tools for monitoring fi tness of aquaculture individuals in the wild
by Marteinsdottir G., Cross,T., Juanes F., McGinnity P., Moran P.,
Primmer C., RiseM., Skaala Ø., Triantafyllidis A. 135
Predictive tools - Modelling assessment and risk of genetic impact
on wild fi sh populations from escapes of cultured fi sh and shellfi sh
III
Verspoor, E., Gilbey, J., Svåsand, T.(section editors) 141
Why use modelling?
by Gilbey J., Verspoor E., Bacon P., Barton N., Crosetti D., Cross T.,
Devlin R., Diserund O., Ernande B., García-Vázquez E., Gjerde B.,
Glover K., Hindar K., Marteinsdóttir G., McGinnity P., Tufto J.,
Vähäl J-P., Svåsand T. 142
Modelling of impacts
by Gilbey J., Verspoor E., Bacon P., Barton N., Crosetti D., Cross T.,
Devlin R., Diserund O., Ernande B., García-Vázquez E., Gjerde B.,
Glover K., Hindar K., Marteinsdóttir G., McGinnity P., Tufto J.,
Vähäl J-P., Svåsand T. 146
Research priorities in modelling
by Gilbey J., Verspoor E., Bacon P., Barton N., Crosetti D., Cross T.,
Devlin R., Diserund O., Ernande B., García-Vázquez E., Gjerde B.,
Glover K., Hindar K., Marteinsdóttir G., McGinnity P., Tufto J.,
Vähäl J-P., Svåsand T. 156
Management options to reduce genetic impacts of aquaculture
activities
IV
Triantafyllidis A., Karaiskou N., Bonhomme F., Colombo L., Crosetti D.,
Danancher D., García-Vázquez E., Gilbey J., Svåsand T., Verspoor E.,
Triantaphyllidis C. 161
Citations 168
Authors 173
Genimpact final scientific report 7

I
Genetics of domestication,
breeding and enhancement of
performance of fi sh and shellfi sh
I.1 Genetic eff ects of domestication, culture and breeding of fi sh
and shellfi sh, and their impacts on wild populations
Th ese chapters report an updated overview of the knowledge available on the
genetic eff ects of domestication, culture and breeding of fi sh and shellfi sh,
and their impacts on wild populations, for the 12 species/groups of species
considered in Genimpact, and recommend specifi c research priorities for the
future.
Participants to the Viterbo (Italy) workshop, 12nd-17th June 2006
Front row (from left): F. Piferrer, A.R. Rossi, L. Colombo, D. Danancher,
E. Garcia Vazquez, S. Lapègue, G. Hulata, J. McElwee, T. Svåsand, L.Sola
Second row (from left): K. T. Fjalestad, A. Moretti, T. Gjedrem, K. Jørstad, K.
Glover, D.Crosetti, G. Marteinsdottir, I. Olesen, P. A. Prodöhl,
R. H. Devlin
Back row (from left): C. S. Tsigenopoulos, M. Rye , J. C. Falguière, P. Haff ray,
E. Verspoor, M. Flajshans, A. Beaumont, P. Mc Ginnity
Not in the picture: T. Ágústsson, F. Bonhomme, A. H. Nerland, T. Traavik, C.
Triantaphyllidis.
Genimpact final scientific report 9
Atlantic cod - Gadus morhua
K.E. Jørstad1, K.T. Fjalestad2,
1 Institute of Marine Research, Bergen,
Norway T. Ágústsson3 and G. Marteinsdottir4
2 Norwegian Inst. of Fisheries and
Aquaculture Research, Tromsø,
Norway Biology, ecology and genetics
3 Matís ohf., Isafj ordur,
Iceland Distribution and capture
4 Institute of Biology, Reykjavik, Cod inhabit the continental shelves
Iceland
and banks in most areas in the North
Atlantic (1) and are therefore distributed
in many diff erent environ ments with respect to tempe rature and salinity (Fig. 1). A
comprehensive overview of biological characters for each population can be found
in International Council for Exploration of Sea (2).
Fig. 1. Distribution and
spawning areas of all major cod
stocks.
4000000
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003
Fig. 2. Total catch (tonnes) of cod in the N. Atlantic (3,4).
10 Genimpact final scientific report