Genetic Diversity in Plants

510 Pages·2012·28.744 MB·English

by  M. Caliskan

GENETIC DIVERSITY
IN PLANTS

Edited by Mahmut Çalişkan
Genetic Diversity in Plants
Edited by Mahmut Çalişkan

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First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Genetic Diversity in Plants, Edited by Mahmut Çalişkan
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0185-7

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Molecular Approaches for the
Assesment of Genetic Diversity 1
Chapter 1 Isolation of High-Quality DNA
from a Desert Plant Reaumuria soongorica 3
Xiaohua Wang, Honglang Xiao, Xin Zhao, Caizhi Li,
Juan Ren, Fang Wang and Lei Pang
Chapter 2 Olive Tree Genetic Resources
Characterization Through Molecular Markers 15
Sónia Gomes, Paula Martins-Lopes and Henrique Guedes-Pinto
Chapter 3 Association Mapping in Plant Genomes 29
Braulio J. Soto-Cerda and Sylvie Cloutier
Chapter 4 Fruit Germplasm Characterization: Genomics
Approaches for the Valorisation of Genetic Diversity 55
Innocenzo Muzzalupo, Enzo Perri and Adriana Chiappetta
Chapter 5 Assessment and Utilization of the
Genetic Diversity in Rice (Orysa sativa L.) 87
Jin Quan Li and Peng Zhang
Chapter 6 Genetic Diversity and Utilization of
Triploid Loquats (E. japonica Lindl) 103
Qiao He, Weixing Wang, Qigao Guo, Suqiong Xiang,
Xiaolin Li and Guolu Liang
Chapter 7 Genetic Diversity in Aechmea fulgens (Bromeliaceae:
Bromelioideae) Revealed by Molecular Markers 117
Clébia Maria Alves de Almeida, Alexandre Gomes da Silva,
Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Luciane Vilela Resende
and Márcia Vanusa da Silva
VI Contents

Part 2 Genetic Diversity Analysis 131
Chapter 8 Genetic Diversity in Tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum) and Its Wild Relatives 133
Guillaume Bauchet and Mathilde Causse
Chapter 9 Genetic Diversity of Nigerian Cashew Germplasm 163
Olawale Mashood Aliyu
Chapter 10 Defining Genetic Diversity in the Chocolate Tree,
Theobroma cacao L. Grown in West and Central Africa 185
Peter Osobase Aikpokpodion
Chapter 11 Genetic Diversity in Citrus 213
Aydin Uzun and Turgut Yesiloglu
Chapter 12 Determination of Genetic Variation Between Populations of
Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana Mattf
According to some Seed Characteristics 231
Hakan Sevik, Zeki Yahyaoglu and Ibrahim Turna
Chapter 13 Genetic Diversity in Apricot 249
Kadir Ugurtan Yilmaz and Kahraman Gurcan
Chapter 14 Sampling the Genetic Diversity of Tall
Fescue Utilizing Gamete Selection 271
Bryan Kindiger
Chapter 15 Genetic Diversity of Rice Grain Quality 285
Rosa Paula Cuevas and Melissa A. Fitzgerald
Part 3 Conservation of Germplasms 311
Chapter 16 Genetic Diversity in Gossypium genus 313
Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov, Zabardast T. Buriev,
Shukhrat E. Shermatov, Alisher A. Abdullaev, Khurshid Urmonov,
Fakhriddin Kushanov, Sharof S. Egamberdiev, Umid Shapulatov,
Abdusttor Abdukarimov, Sukumar Saha, Johnnie N. Jenkins,
Russell J. Kohel, John Z. Yu, Alan E. Pepper, Siva P. Kumpatla
and Mauricio Ulloa
Chapter 17 Exploring Statistical Tools in Measuring
Genetic Diversity for Crop Improvement 339
C. O. Aremu
Chapter 18 Living on the Edge: Various Modes of Persistence at
the Range Margins of Some Far Eastern Species 349
Elena Artyukova, Marina Kozyrenko, Olga Koren,
Alla Kholina, Olga Nakonechnaya and Yuri Zhuravlev
Contents VII

Chapter 19 Founder Placement and Gene Dispersal
Affect Population Growth and Genetic Diversity
in Restoration Plantings of American Chestnut 375
Yamini Kashimshetty, Melanie Simkins, Stephan Pelikan
and Steven H. Rogstad
Chapter 20 Genetic Structure and Diversity of Brazilian Tree
Species from Forest Fragments and Riparian Woods 391
Danielle Cristina Gregorio da Silva, Mayra Costa da Cruz Gallo
de Carvalho, Cristiano Medri, Moacyr Eurípedes Medri,
Claudete de Fátima Ruas, Eduardo Augusto Ruas
and Paulo Maurício Ruas
Chapter 21 A Brief Review of a Nearly Half a
Century Wheat Quality Breeding in Bulgaria 413
Dobrinka Atanasova, Nikolay Tsenov and Ivan Todorov
Chapter 22 Hevea Germplasm in Vietnam: Conservation,
Characterization, Evaluation and Utilization 433
Lai Van Lam, Tran Thanh, Le Thi Thuy Trang, Vu Van Truong,
Huynh Bao Lam and Le Mau Tuy
Chapter 23 Characterisation of the Amaranth
Genetic Resources in the Czech Gene Bank 457
Dagmar Janovská, Petra Hlásná Čepková and Mária Džunková
Chapter 24 Agronomic and Biotechnological
Strategiesfor Breeding Cultivated Garlic in Mexico 479
Héctor Silos Espino, Flora San Juan Hernández, Olivio Hernández
Hernández, Darío Silva Bautista, Alan Roy Macías Ávila, Francisco
Nieto Muñoz, Luis L. Valera Montero, Silvia Flores Benítez, Luis
Martín Macías Valdez, Tarsicio Corona Torres, Mario Leonel
Quezada Parga and Juan Florencio Gómez Leyva

Preface

Genetic diversity is the fundamental source of biodiversity. In 1989, the World Wildlife
Fund defined biodiversity as “the richness of life on Earth – millions of plants, animals
and microorganisms, including the genes which they carry, and complex ecosystems
that create the environment”. Currently, the issue of maintaining genetic diversity as a
component of the conservation of biodiversity has been accepted at an international
level. FAO has included the issue of conservation, evaluation, and the use of animal
genetic resources in its fields of interest since the 1970s. In this context, one of the main
concerns of scientific research activities is conserving the genetic diversity of local
breeds, especially those of economic interest. Genetic diversity among individuals
reflects the presence of different alleles in the gene pool, and hence, different
genotypes within populations. Genetic diversity should be distinguished from genetic
variability, which describes the tendency of genetic traits found within populations to
vary. There is a considerable genetic variability within or between natural populations.
Population geneticists attempt to determine the extent of this variability by identifying
the alleles at each locus and measuring their respective frequencies. This variability
provides a genomic flexibility that can be used as a raw material for adaptation. On
the other hand, one of the consequences of low genetic variability could be the
inability to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses. From the growing knowledge on the
genome sequences of organisms it becomes evident that all forms of diversity have
their origin at genetic level. In this context, genetic diversity analysis provides vital
and powerful data that helps for a better understanding of genetic variation and
improved conservation strategies.
Plants are a distinct kingdom of organisms that possess unique properties of
reproduction, development, physiology, and adaptation. Plant diversity refers to the
variety of plants that exist on the Earth. Plants, in order to survive, have to compete
with other plants and organisms in an ecosystem. Over time, they have developed
various characteristics to help them survive, which leads to plant diversity. It is
essential to have regular assessments of the conservation status of all plant species, in
order to prioritize those in need of conservation action and to provide a measure of the
success of actions being taken. The improvement of cultivated plants considerably
depends on the extent of genetic variability available within the species. The genetic
variation that exists among plant populations is a basic requirement for efficient
X Preface

development and improvement of such populations. It also indicates whether a
population can withstand and live with changes in the environment, which are mostly
altered in an unpredictable way. Molecular studies shed light on relationships and
diversity among plant breeds. The extent and nature of genetic diversity of plants
from all around the world has been investigated by typing DNA markers in a set of
individuals belonging to several breeds. The most useful techniques for these studies
have been micro-satellites, RFLP, RAPD, SSR, AFLP, SCAR and ISSR.
The purpose of Plant Genetic Diversity is to provide a glimpse into the dynamic process
of genetic variation by presenting the thoughts of some of the scientists who are
engaged in the development of new tools and ideas used to reveal genetic variation,
often from very different perspectives. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to
all the Authors who contributed to this book by sharing their valuable works with us.
This book should prove useful to students, researchers, and experts in the area of
conservation biology, genetic diversity and molecular biology. The year 2010 has been
celebrated as the international year of biodiversity by the United Nations and it has
been a unique opportunity to realize the vital role that biodiversity plays in sustaining
the life on Earth. Let us all wish much success to all projects and initiatives dealing
with the conservation of diversity of life because rich genetic resources are a
prerequisite for future generations to be able to breed crop varieties and face new
challenges.

Prof. Dr. Mahmut Caliskan
Mustafa Kemal University, Department of Biology
Hatay, Turkey