Genetic Control of the Susceptibility to Bacterial Infection PDF
Preview Genetic Control of the Susceptibility to Bacterial Infection
Current Topics in Microbiology 124 and Immunology Editors A.Clarke,ParkvilleNictoria . RW.Compans, Birmingham/Alabama . M Cooper,Birmingham/Alabama H.Eisen,Paris . W.Goebel, Wiirzburg . H.Koprowski, Philadelphia . F.Melchers,Basel . M.Oldstone, LaJolla/California . R Rott, GieBen . P.KVogt,LosAngeles H.Wagner,U1m . I.Wilson, LaJolla/California Genetic Control of the Susceptibility to Bacterial Infection Edited by David E. Briles With 19 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Tokyo ProfessorDr. DAVIDE. BRILES, Ph.D. CellularImmunobiologyUnitoftheTumorInstitute DepartmentofMicrobiologyand Pediatrics,and ComprehensiveCancerCenter UniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham Birmingham, Alabama 35294,USA ISBN-I3:978-3-540-16238-4 e-ISBN-I3:978-3-642-70986-9 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-70986-9 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole orpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallythoseoftranslation,reprinting, re-useofillustrations,broadcasting,reproductionbyphotocopyingmachineor similarmeans,andstorageindatabanks.Under§54oftheGermanCopyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "VerwertungsgesellschaftWort",Munich © bySpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg1986 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover Istedition 1986 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber15-12910 Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, even in the absence ofa specificstatement, that such names are exemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. ProductLiability:Thepublisherscangivenoguaranteefor informationabout drugdosageandapplicationthereofcontainedinthisbook.Ineveryindividual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. 2123/3130-543210 Preface This series of reviews focuses on recent developments in understandingbacterialpathogenesisthathavebeengained by studying the genetic control of the susceptibility to particular diseases. The topics of the reviews include a description of bacterial genes that effect virulence and a study of the genetic susceptibility of humans to group A streptococci and to leprosy. The most versatile model system for studies of disease susceptibility is the inbred mouse. Although seven of the chapters deal with the genetics ofthe resistance ofmice to infection, all of them point out general principles and, wherever possible, parallels with appropriate human diseases. Genetic studies of the mechanisms of resistance and pathogenesishave an advantage over otherapproaches. By utilizing animals of appropriate genotypes, it is possible to studythe invivoconsequencesofvariationsinparticular hostdefensesinintactanimals. Someofthe moderngenetic approaches used in mouse genetics are also described. Allofthe chapters dealingwith mousegenetics describe studies with recombinant inbred mice. A chapter has been included that describes approaches for the use of mice in genetic studies of disease resistance. This chapter also describes recombinant inbred mice and a means by which they can be used to examine the linkage ofgenes affecting disease resistance. Thebulkofthevolumefocusesonthegeneticregulation by three different murine loci: Ips, xid, and fty. fty was the first name given to a locus that governs resistance to infections with leishmania, bacille Calmette-Guerin and salmonella. Different reviews describe the relationship of the fty locus to the diseases caused by two of these three pathogens. These two reviews also include a discussion of other genetic factors that affect the susceptibility of mice to each pathogen. Two reviews are devoted to the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) locus. One describes the pre sent state of immunological knowledge about the immunological deficits that have been shown to be VI Preface associated with the defective xidallele. The other describes the effect ofthese immunodeficiencies on the susceptibility of mice to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Another chapter describes the effects of the Ips locus on the immune system and the concomitant effects these changes have on the resistance to bacterial infection. There is also a chapter describing genetic studies that examine the relationship between the genetic control of certain macrophage properties and the susceptibility to Listeria infection. Many of the questions concerning the mechanism of action of mammalian resistance genes can be effectively probed using bacteria that have been genetically modified so that they lack one ormore virulence properties. Itseems likelythatmuchofthefuture progressusinganimalsystems will rely on genetic manipulations of both the pathogen and the host. The final review describes some ofthe genetic modifications that have been made in bacterial genes important for the virulence ofbacteria in mammals. Spring 1986 DAVID E. BRILES Table of Contents J.B. ZABRISKIE and A. GIBOFSKY: Genetic Control of the Susceptibility to Infection with Pathogenic Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 D.E. BRILES, W.H. BENJAMIN, Jr., W.J. HUSTER, and B. POSEY: Genetic Approaches to the Study of Disease Resistance: With Special Emphasis on the Use ofRecombinant Inbred Mice. With 2 Figures 21 A.D. O'BRIEN: Influence ofHost Genes on Resistance ofInbred Mice to Lethal Infection with Salmonella typhimurium. With 3 Figures . 37 E. SKAMENE: Genetic Control ofResistance to Mycobacterial Infection. With 1 Figure. . 49 P.A.L. KONGSHAVN: Genetic Control ofResistance to Listeria Infection. With 2 Figures . . . . 67 L.S. WICKER and I. SCHER: X-Linked Immune Deficiency (xid) ofCBAjN Mice. . . . . 87 D.E. BRILES, J. HOROWITZ, L.S. McDANIEL, W.H. BENJAMIN, Jr., J.L. CLAFLIN, C.L. BOOKER, G. SCOTT, and C. FORMAN: Genetic Control ofthe Susceptibility to Pneumococcal Infection. With 4 Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103 D.E. COLWELL, S.M. MICHALEK, and J.R. MCGHEE: Lps Gene Regulation ofMucosal Immunity and Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection in Mice. With 7 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 B.A.D. STOCKER and P.H. MAKELA: Genetic Determination ofBacterial Virulence, with Special Reference to Salmonella 149 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Indexed in Current Contents List of Contributors BENJAMIN, Jr., W.H., Cellular Immunobiology Unit ofthe Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA BOOKER, C.L., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA BRILES, D.E., Cellular Immunobiology Unit ofthe Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology and Pediatrics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA CLAFLIN, J.L., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA COLWELL, D.E., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA FORMAN, C., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University ofAlabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA GIBOFSKY, A., Cornell University Medical College, New York, USA HOROWITZ, J., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA, and University Center for Health Sciences, Bengrion University ofNegev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheba, Israel X ListofContributors HUSTER, W.J., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Biomathematics and Biostatistics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA KONGSHAVN, P.A.L., Department of Physiology, 3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada MAKELA, P.H., National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, SF-00280 Helsinki, Finland McDANIEL, L.S., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA MCGHEE, J.R., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA MICHALEK, S.M., Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA O'BRIEN, A.D., Department of Microbiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA POSEY, B., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University ofAlabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA SCHER, I., Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA SCOTT, G., Cellular Immunobiology Unit of the Tumor Institute, Department of Microbiology, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University ofAlabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA SKAMENE, E., Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada ListofContributors XI STOCKER, RA.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA WICKER, L.S., Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA ZABRISKIE, J.B., Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA Genetic Control of the Susceptibility to Infection with Pathogenic Bacteria J.B. ZABRISKIE1 and A. GIBOFSKy2 1 Introduction 1 2 MajorHistocompatibilitySystem 2 3 MechanismsofMicrobialHostInteractions 3 3.1 DirectInvasion 4 3.2 BiologicalMimicry 4 3.3 SuppressionoftheImmuneResponse 6 3.4 DirectImmunopathologicalDamage 7 4 DiseaseAssociations 8 5 DiseasesAssociatedwiththeMHC 9 5.1 RheumaticFever 9 5.2 Leprosy 11 5.3 Tuberculosis 12 5.4 LymeDisease 13 5.5 MajorHistocompatibilityComplex-RelatedSeronegativeArthritis 14 5.6 ComplementDisorders 15 6 PresumedMicrobialAssociations 15 References 17 1 Introduction The elegantearlywork ofBENACERRAFand GERMAIN (1978), McDEVITT(1976), and others (KLEIN 1975; SNELL etat. 1976) has clearly demonstrated the influ ence of the mouse histocompatibility complex (H-2) on the susceptibility or resistance ofdifferentstrains ofmice to a variety ofdiseases including bacterial infections. As a result, numerous investigations have resulted in a veritable explosion of knowledge concerning these interrelationships. Many aspects of these murine H-2 genetic influences on these disease associations will be de scribed in other chapters in this book. Our task is to point out those examples in man in which there is a definite or presumed relationship of the human histocompatibility system (HLA) to disease susceptibility and pathogenesis of bacterial disease. Asa resultofthecomplexityofthesystemand oftenthelackofthe isolation of a definitive infectious agent, there are surprisingly few examples in which we can firmly establish the genetic influence of the major histocompatibility 1 RockefellerUniversity, 1230YorkAvenue,NewYork,NY 10021-6399,USA CornellUniversityMedicalCollege,NewYork,USA 2 CurrentTopicsinMicrobiologyandImmunology,Vol. 124 © Springer-VerlagBerlin'Heidelberg1986
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