Generalized Phase Contrast

321 Pages·2009·11.021 MB·English

by  Jesper Glückstad, Darwin Palima (auth.)

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Jesper Glückstad
Darwin Palima
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123
ProfessorJesper Glückstad, PhD, DSc
DTU Foto nik, Department of Photonics Engineering
TechnicalUniversity of Denmark
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Darwin Palima, Assistant Professor, PhD
DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering
Technical University of Denmark
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Programmable Phase Optics: www.ppo.dk
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Preface

This book is based on the authors’ work for more than a decade, initiated by a generic
patent application for the generalized phase contrast (GPC) method in the mid-
nineties. In short, the GPC invention propounds a generalization of Nobel Laureate
Fritz Zernike’s original phase contrast method not only in terms of a wider domain of
theoretical operation but, in particular, also opening up new and exciting applications
beyond optical microscopy. After the issuing of this key patent for GPC, a number of
associated application patents have been filed, in addition to more than 150 papers and
conference presentations on the theoretical and experimental aspects of GPC and its
applications. A culmination came in early 2005 when one of the authors (J. Glückstad)
defended his dissertation on the GPC method, for which he obtained a higher doctorate
degree (Doctor of Science) from the Technical University of Denmark. It was at this
point that the idea was originally fostered to write a monograph and explain to a wider
audience about GPC and its applications in contemporary optics and photonics. The
present book is strongly supported by a rich portfolio of research work, both of theoreti-
cal and experimental nature, which have been undertaken in collaboration with a
number of scientists around the world whom we would like to explicitly acknowledge
for their key contributions: L. Lading, H. Toyoda, T. Hara, Y. Suzuki, N. Yoshida, P. C.
Mogensen, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria, S. Sinzinger, P. J. Rodrigo, C. A. Alonzo, N.
Arneborg, I. Perch-Nielsen, P. Bøggild, J. Jahns, P. Ormos and L. Kelemen.

Copenhagen, Denmark, 1 July 2009

Jesper Glückstad Darwin Palima

“With the phase-contrast method still in the first somewhat primitive stage, I went in to
the Zeiss Works in Jena to demonstrate. It was not received with such enthusiasm as I
had expected. Worst of all was one of the oldest scientific associates, who said: ‘If this had
any practical value, we would ourselves have invented it long ago’. Long ago, indeed!”
Fritz Zernike
Contents

1111 IIIInnnnttttrrrroooodddduuuuccccttttiiiioooonnnn............................................................................................................................1
1.1 The Generalized Phase Contrast Method.............................................................2
1.2 From Phase Visualization to Wavefront Engineering........................................3
1.3 GPC – an Enabling Technology..............................................................................4
1.4 GPC as Information Processor.................................................................................5
References..................................................................................................................................5
2222 GGGGeeeennnneeeerrrraaaalllliiiizzzzeeeedddd PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeee CCCCoooonnnnttttrrrraaaasssstttt...............................................................................................7
2.1 Zernike Phase Contrast..............................................................................................8
2.2 Towards a Generalized Phase Contrast Method.................................................9
References................................................................................................................................11
3333 FFFFoooouuuunnnnddddaaaattttiiiioooonnnn ooooffff GGGGeeeennnneeeerrrraaaalllliiiizzzzeeeedddd PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeee CCCCoooonnnnttttrrrraaaasssstttt:::: MMMMaaaatttthhhheeeemmmmaaaattttiiiiccccaaaallll AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss
ooooffff CCCCoooommmmmmmmoooonnnn----PPPPaaaatttthhhh IIIInnnntttteeeerrrrffffeeeerrrroooommmmeeeetttteeeerrrrssss................................................................................13
3.1 Common-Path Interferometer: a Generic Phase Contrast
Optical System............................................................................................................13
3.2 Field Distribution at the Image Plane of a CPI..................................................15
3.2.1 Assumption on the Phase Object’s Spatial Frequency
Components..............................................................................................16
3.2.2 The SRW Generating Function...........................................................18
3.2.3 The Combined Filter Parameter..........................................................21
3.3 Summary and Links...................................................................................................24
References................................................................................................................................25
4444 PPPPhhhhaaaassssoooorrrr CCCChhhhaaaarrrrtttt ffffoooorrrr CCCCPPPPIIII----AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss.......................................................................................27
4.1 Input Phase to Output Intensity Mapping.........................................................27
4.2 Modified Phasor Chart Based on Complex Filter Parameter........................30
viii Contents

4.3 Summary and Links...................................................................................................32
References................................................................................................................................33
5555 WWWWaaaavvvveeeeffffrrrroooonnnntttt SSSSeeeennnnssssiiiinnnngggg aaaannnndddd AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss UUUUssssiiiinnnngggg GGGGPPPPCCCC...........................................................35
5.1 GPC Mapping for Wavefront Measurement.....................................................36
5.2 Optimal Unambiguous Intensity-to-Phase Mapping.......................................39
5.3 Optimising the Linearity of the Intensity-to-Phase Mapping.......................41
5.4 Generalising Henning´s Phase Contrast Method.............................................43
5.5 Linear Phase-to-Intensity Mapping over the Entire Phase
Unity Circle.................................................................................................................46
5.6 Accurate Quantitative Phase Imaging Using Generalized
Phase Contrast............................................................................................................49
5.6.1 The Synthetic Reference Wave in Quantitative Phase
Microscopy.................................................................................................50
5.6.2 Limitations of the Plane Wave Model of the SRW........................51
5.6.3 GPC-Based Phase-Shifting Interferometry.......................................53
5.6.4 Robustness of the GPC Model of the SRW......................................55
5.6.5 GPC-Based Quantitative Phase Imaging...........................................55
5.7 Summary and Links...................................................................................................58
References................................................................................................................................59
6666 GGGGPPPPCCCC----BBBBaaaasssseeeedddd WWWWaaaavvvveeeeffffrrrroooonnnntttt EEEEnnnnggggiiiinnnneeeeeeeerrrriiiinnnngggg............................................................................61
6.1 GPC Framework for Light Synthesis....................................................................62
6.2 Optimizing Light Efficiency...................................................................................64
6.2.1 Dark Background Condition for a Lossless Filter...........................65
6.2.2 Optimal Filter Phase Shift.....................................................................66
6.2.3 Optimal Input Phase Encoding............................................................66
6.3 Phase Encoding for Binary Output Intensity Patterns....................................68
6.3.1 Ternary Input Phase Encoding.............................................................68
6.3.2 Binary Input Phase Encoding................................................................69
6.4 Generalized Optimization for Light Synthesis..................................................71
6.5 Dealing with SRW Inhomogeneity.......................................................................74
6.5.1 Filter Aperture Correction....................................................................74
6.5.2 Input Phase Encoding Compensation................................................76
6.5.3 Input Amplitude Profile Compensation............................................77
6.6 Generalized Phase Contrast with Rectangular Apertures...............................80
6.6.1 Phase-to-Intensity Mapping..................................................................81
6.6.2 Approximating the Reference Wave...................................................83
6.6.3 Projection Design Illustration...............................................................84
6.7 Comparison of Generalized Phase Contrast and Computer-
Generated Holography for Laser Image Projection..........................................85
6.7.1 Pattern Projection and Information Theory....................................86
6.7.2 Performance Benchmarks......................................................................88
Contents ix
6.7.3 Practical SLM Devices: Performance Constraints..........................92
6.7.4 Final Remarks............................................................................................95
6.8 Wavelength Dependence of GPC-Based Pattern Projection.........................95
6.9 Summary and Links................................................................................................100
References.............................................................................................................................101
7777 SSSShhhhaaaappppiiiinnnngggg LLLLiiiigggghhhhtttt bbbbyyyy GGGGeeeennnneeeerrrraaaalllliiiizzzzeeeedddd PPPPhhhhaaaasssseeee CCCCoooonnnnttttrrrraaaasssstttt......................................................103
7.1 Binary Phase Modulation for Efficient Binary Projection...........................104
7.1.1 Experimental Demonstration............................................................105
7.2 Ternary-Phase Modulation for Binary Array Illumination.........................107
7.2.1 Ternary-Phase Encoding.....................................................................108
7.2.2 Experimental Results............................................................................109
7.3 Dynamically Reconfigurable Optical Lattices.................................................115
7.3.1 Dynamic Optical Lattice Generation..............................................115
7.3.2 Dynamic Optical Obstacle Arrays....................................................117
7.4 Photon-Efficient Grey-Level Image Projection...............................................119
7.4.1 Matching the Phase-to-Intensity Mapping Scheme to
Device Constraints................................................................................120
7.4.2 Efficient Experimental Image Projection Using Practical
Device Constraints................................................................................122
7.4.3 Photon-Efficient Grey-Level Image Projection with Next-
Generation Devices...............................................................................124
7.5 Reshaping Gaussian Laser Beams........................................................................130
7.5.1 Patterning Gaussian Beams with GPC as Phase-Only
Aperture...................................................................................................132
7.5.2 Homogenizing the Output Intensity...............................................134
7.5.3 Gaussian-to-Flattop Conversion.......................................................137
7.6 Achromatic Spatial Light Shaping and Image Projection............................140
7.7 Summary and Links................................................................................................144
References.............................................................................................................................144
8888 GGGGPPPPCCCC----BBBBaaaasssseeeedddd PPPPrrrrooooggggrrrraaaammmmmmmmaaaabbbblllleeee OOOOppppttttiiiiccccaaaallll MMMMiiiiccccrrrroooommmmaaaannnniiiippppuuuullllaaaattttiiiioooonnnn..................................151
8.1 Multiple-Beam GPC-Trapping for Two-Dimensional Manipulation
of Particles with Various Properties...................................................................152
8.2 Probing Growth Dynamics in Microbial Cultures of Mixed Yeast
Species Using GPC-Based Optical Micromanipulation...............................164
8.3 Three-Dimensional Trapping and Manipulation in a GPC System.........167
8.4 Real-Time Autonomous 3D Control of Multiple Particles with
Enhanced GPC Optical Micromanipulation System....................................172
8.5 GPC-Based Optical Micromanipulation of Particles in Three
Dimensions with Simultaneous Imaging in Two Orthogonal Planes.......176
x Contents

8.6 All-GPC Scheme for Three-Dimensional Multi-Particle
Manipulation Using a Single Spatial Light Modulator.................................180
8.6.1 GPC system with Two Parallel Input Beams.................................181
8.6.2 Single-SLM Full-GPC Optical Trapping System.........................184
8.7 GPC-Based Optical Actuation of Microfabricated Tools...........................186
8.7.1 Design and Fabrication of Micromachine Elements....................187
8.7.2 Actuation of Microtools by Multiple Counterpropagating-
Beam Traps.............................................................................................188
8.8 Autonomous Cell Handling by GPC in a Microfluidic Flow.....................191
8.8.1 Experimental Setup...............................................................................192
8.8.2 Experimental Demonstration............................................................193
8.9 Autonomous Assembly of Micropuzzles Using GPC...................................197
8.9.1 Design and Fabrication of Micropuzzle Pieces..............................198
8.9.2 Optical Assembly of Micropuzzle Pieces........................................200
8.10 Optical Forces in Three-Dimensional GPC-Trapping.................................203
8.10.1 Optical Forces on a Particle Illuminated by
Counterpropagating Beams................................................................203
8.10.2 Top-Hat Field Distribution and Propagation...............................206
8.10.3 Numerical Calculation of Force Curves..........................................207
8.11 Summary and Links................................................................................................212
References.............................................................................................................................213
9999 AAAAlllltttteeeerrrrnnnnaaaattttiiiivvvveeee GGGGPPPPCCCC SSSScccchhhheeeemmmmeeeessss.............................................................................................217
9.1 GPC Using a Light-Induced Spatial Phase Filter...........................................218
9.1.1 Self-Induced PCF on a Kerr Medium..............................................219
9.1.2 Kerr Medium with Saturable Nonlinearity....................................221
9.1.3 Experimental Demonstration............................................................224
9.2 GPC Using a Variable Liquid-Crystal Filter...................................................226
9.2.1 Experimental Demonstration............................................................228
9.3 Multibeam-Illuminated GPC With a Plurality of Phase
Filtering Regions......................................................................................................229
9.4 Miniaturized GPC Implementation via Planar Integrated
Micro-Optics............................................................................................................231
9.4.1 Experimental Demonstration............................................................234
9.5 GPC in Combination with Matched Filtering...............................................236
9.5.1 The mGPC Method: Incorporating Optical Correlation
into a GPC Filter...................................................................................237
9.5.2 Optimizing the mGPC Method........................................................239
9.6 Summary and Links................................................................................................244
References.............................................................................................................................245
Contents xi
11110000 RRRReeeevvvveeeerrrrssssaaaallll ooooffff tttthhhheeee GGGGPPPPCCCC MMMMeeeetttthhhhoooodddd.......................................................................................247
10.1 Amplitude Modulated Input in a Common-Path Interferometer............248
10.2 CPI Optimization for the Reverse Phase Contrast Method.......................250
10.3 Experimental Demonstration of Reverse Phase Contrast............................255
10.3.1 Experimental Setup...............................................................................256
10.3.2 Matching the Filter Size to the Input Aperture............................257
10.3.3 RPC-Based Phase Modulation Using a Fixed
Amplitude Mask....................................................................................258
10.3.4 RPC-Based Phase Modulation Using an SLM as Dynamic
Amplitude Mask....................................................................................262
10.4 Reverse Phase Contrast Implemented on a High-Speed DMD.................263
10.4.1 Setup.........................................................................................................264
10.4.2 Results and Discussion.........................................................................266
10.5 Summary and Links................................................................................................268
References.............................................................................................................................270
11111111 OOOOppppttttiiiiccccaaaallll EEEEnnnnccccrrrryyyyppppttttiiiioooonnnn aaaannnndddd DDDDeeeeccccrrrryyyyppppttttiiiioooonnnn.........................................................................273
11.1 Phase-Only Optical Cryptography.....................................................................274
11.2 Miniaturization of the GPC Method via Planar Integrated
Micro-Optics............................................................................................................276
11.3 Miniaturized GPC Method for Phase-Only Optical Decryption..............278
11.4 Phase Decryption in a Macro-Optical GPC....................................................280
11.5 Envisioning a Fully Integrated Miniaturized System.....................................281
11.6 Decrypting Binary Phase Patterns by Amplitude...........................................283
11.6.1 Principles and Experimental Considerations.................................284
11.6.2 Numerical simulations.........................................................................291
11.7 Summary and Links................................................................................................296
References.............................................................................................................................297
11112222 CCCCoooonnnncccclllluuuuddddiiiinnnngggg RRRReeeemmmmaaaarrrrkkkkssss aaaannnndddd OOOOuuuuttttllllooooooookkkk............................................................................299
12.1 Formulating Generalized Phase Contrast in a Common-Path
Interferometer..........................................................................................................299
12.2 Sensing and Visualization of Unknown Optical Phase.................................300
12.3 Synthesizing Customized Intensity Landscapes.............................................301
12.4 Projecting Dynamic Light for Programmable Optical Trapping
and Micromanipulation........................................................................................301
12.5 Exploring Alternative Implementations...........................................................302
12.6 Creating Customized Phase Landscapes: Reversed Phase
Contrast Effect.........................................................................................................303
12.7 Utilizing GPC and RPC in Optical Cryptography.......................................303
12.8 Gazing at the Horizon Through a Wider Window.......................................304