Table Of Content

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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 18GroupVIIIA 2He4.00 10Ne20.18 18Ar39.95 36Kr83.80 54Xe131.29 86Rn(222) 118—(294) 71Lu174.97 103Lr(262) 17GroupVIIA 9F19.00 17Cl35.45 35Br79.90 53I126.90 85At(210) 117—(293) 70Yb173.04 102No(259) 16GroupVIA 8O16.00 16S32.07 34Se78.96 52Te127.60 84Po(209) 116—(292) 69Tm168.93 101Md(258) 15GroupVA 7N14.01 15P30.97 33As74.92 51Sb121.76 83Bi208.98 115—(288) 68Er167.26 100Fm(257) 14GroupIVA 6C12.01 14Si28.09 32Ge72.64 50Sn118.71 82Pb207.2 114—(289) 67Ho164.93 99Es(252) 13GroupIIIA 5B10.81 13Al26.98 31Ga69.72 49In114.82 81Tl204.38 113—(284) 66Dy162.50 98Cf(251) ls 12GroupIIB 30Zn65.41 48Cd112.41 80Hg200.59 112Cn(285) 65Tb158.93 97Bk(247) a t Nonme Metals 11GroupIB 29Cu63.55 47Ag107.87 79Au196.97 111Rg(280) 64Gd157.25 96Cm(247) 10Group 28Ni58.69 46Pd106.42 78Pt195.08 110Ds(281) 63Eu151.96 95Am(243) 9GroupVIIIB 27Co58.93 45Rh102.91 77Ir192.22 109Mt(276) 62Sm150.36 94Pu(244) umber ass 8Group 26Fe55.85 44Ru101.07 76Os190.23 108Hs(277) 61Pm(145) 93Np(237) m n omic mbol omic 7GroupVIIB 25Mn54.94 43Tc(98) 75Re186.21 107Bh(267) 60Nd144.24 92U(238) t y t A S A 6GroupVIB 24Cr52.00 42Mo95.94 74W183.84 106Sg(266) 59Pr140.91 91Pa(231) 0 24Cr52.0 5GroupVB 23V50.94 41Nb92.91 73Ta180.95 105Db(262) 58Ce140.12 90Th(232) 4GroupIVB 22Ti47.87 40Zr91.22 72Hf178.49 104Rf(263) 3GroupIIIB 21Sc44.96 39Y88.91 57La138.91 89Ac(227) 2GroupIIA 4Be9.01 12Mg24.31 20Ca40.08 38Sr87.62 56Ba137.33 88Ra(226) 1GroupIA 1H1.01 3Li6.94 11Na22.99 19K39.10 37Rb85.47 55Cs132.91 87Fr(223) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 doireP Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Atomic Numbers and Atomic Masses of the Elements Based on 12C. Numbers in parentheses are the mass numbers of the most stable isotopes of radioactive elements. 6 Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Element Symbol Number Mass Element Symbol Number Mass Actinium Ac 89 (227) Meitnerium Mt 109 (276) Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Mendelevium Md 101 (258) Americium Am 95 (243) Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Antimony Sb 51 121.76 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Arsenic As 33 74.92 Neon Ne 10 20.18 Astatine At 85 (210) Neptunium Np 93 (237) Barium Ba 56 137.33 Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Niobium Nb 41 92.91 Beryllium Be 4 9.01 Nitrogen N 7 14.01 Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Nobelium No 102 (259) Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Osmium Os 76 190.23 Boron B 5 10.81 Oxygen O 8 16.00 Bromine Br 35 79.90 Palladium Pd 46 106.42 Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Platinum Pt 78 195.08 Californium Cf 98 (251) Plutonium Pu 94 (244) Carbon C 6 12.01 Polonium Po 84 (209) Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Potassium K 19 39.10 Cesium Cs 55 132.91 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Promethium Pm 61 (145) Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Protactinium Pa 91 (231) Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Radium Ra 88 (226) Copernicium Cn 112 (285) Radon Rn 86 (222) Copper Cu 29 63.55 Rhenium Re 75 186.21 Curium Cm 96 (247) Rhodium Rh 45 102.91 Darmstadtium Ds 110 (271) Roentgenium Rg 111 (280) Dubnium Db 105 (262) Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Rutherfordium Rf 104 (263) Erbium Er 68 167.26 Samarium Sm 62 150.36 Europium Eu 63 151.96 Scandium Sc 21 44.96 Fermium Fm 100 (257) Seaborgium Sg 106 (266) Fluorine F 9 19.00 Selenium Se 34 78.96 Francium Fr 87 (223) Silicon Si 14 28.09 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Silver Ag 47 107.87 Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Sodium Na 11 22.99 Germanium Ge 32 72.64 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Gold Au 79 196.97 Sulfur S 16 32.07 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 Hassium Hs 108 (277) Technetium Tc 43 (98) Helium He 2 4.00 Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Holmium Ho 67 164.93 Terbium Tb 65 158.93 Hydrogen H 1 1.01 Thallium Tl 81 204.38 Indium In 49 114.82 Thorium Th 90 (232) Iodine I 53 126.90 Thulium Tm 69 168.93 Iridium Ir 77 192.22 Tin Sn 50 118.71 Iron Fe 26 55.85 Titanium Ti 22 47.87 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tungsten W 74 183.84 Lanthanum La 57 138.91 Uranium U 92 (238) Lawrencium Lr 103 (262) Vanadium V 23 50.94 Lead Pb 82 207.19 Xenon Xe 54 131.29 Lithium Li 3 6.94 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Zinc Zn 30 65.41 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. General, Organic, and Biological C H E M I S T R Y s e v e nt h e d it i o n H. Stephen Stoker Weber State University Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 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Brief Contents Preface xi Part I General ChemIstry 1 Basic Concepts About Matter 1 2 Measurements in Chemistry 24 3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 53 4 Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model 85 5 Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model 112 6 Chemical Calculations: Formula Masses, Moles, and Chemical Equations 145 7 Gases, Liquids, and Solids 172 8 Solutions 203 9 Chemical Reactions 235 10 Acids, Bases, and Salts 265 11 Nuclear Chemistry 306 Part II OrGanIC ChemIstry 12 Saturated Hydrocarbons 339 13 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 380 14 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 419 15 Aldehydes and Ketones 466 16 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Other Acid Derivatives 495 17 Amines and Amides 539 Part III bIOlOGICal ChemIstry 18 Carbohydrates 580 19 Lipids 641 20 Proteins 694 21 Enzymes and Vitamins 742 22 Nucleic Acids 787 23 Biochemical Energy Production 841 24 Carbohydrate Metabolism 883 25 Lipid Metabolism 917 26 Protein Metabolism 950 Answers to Selected Exercises A-1 Index/Glossary I-1 iii Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Contents Preface xi 2-5 Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations 33 2-6 Scientific Notation 36 Part I General ChemIstry 2-7 Conversion Factors 40 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Conversion Factors 42 2-8 Dimensional Analysis 43 2-9 Density 45 2-10 Temperature Scales 48 ChemICal ConneCtIons 2-A Body Density and Percent Body Fat 47 2-B Normal Human Body Temperature 50 3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table 53 3-1 Internal Structure of an Atom 53 3-2 Atomic Number and Mass Number 55 3-3 Isotopes and Atomic Masses 58 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Atomic Structure 61 3-4 The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table 62 3-5 Metals and Nonmetals 65 1 Basic Concepts About Matter 1 3-6 Electron Arrangements Within Atoms 67 1-1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter 1 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Shell–Subshell–Orbital 1-2 Physical States of Matter 2 Interrelationships 71 1-3 Properties of Matter 3 3-7 Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams 72 1-4 Changes in Matter 6 3-8 The Electronic Basis for the Periodic Law and the 1-5 Pure Substances and Mixtures 7 Periodic Table 78 3-9 Classification of the Elements 80 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Use of the Terms Physical and Chemical 8 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Element Classification Schemes and 1-6 Elements and Compounds 10 the Periodic Table 83 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Classes of Matter 11 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS 1-7 Discovery and Abundance of the Elements 13 3-A Dietary Minerals and the Human Body 68 1-8 Names and Chemical Symbols of the Elements 15 3-B Electrons in Excited States 77 1-9 Atoms and Molecules 18 3-C Iron: The Most Abundant Transition Element in the 1-10 Chemical Formulas 20 Human Body 82 ChemICal ConneCtIons 1-A Carbon Monoxide: A Substance with Both “Good” and 4 Chemical Bonding: The Ionic Bond Model 85 “Bad” Properties 5 4-1 Chemical Bonds 85 1-B Elemental Composition of the Human Body 14 4-2 Valence Electrons and Lewis Symbols 87 4-3 The Octet Rule 90 2 Measurements in Chemistry 24 4-4 The Ionic Bond Model 91 4-5 The Sign and Magnitude of Ionic Charge 93 2-1 Measurement Systems 24 4-6 Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds 95 2-2 Metric System Units 25 4-7 Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds 97 2-3 Exact and Inexact Numbers 29 4-8 The Structure of Ionic Compounds 98 2-4 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 30 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds 100 ChemIstry at a GlanCe Significant Figures 32 iv Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.