General Navigation Tutorial - PPSC

1036 Pages·2001·37.556 MB·English

061 GENERAL NAVIGATION
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the author.
This publication shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated
without the author's prior consent.
Produced and Published by the
CLICK2PPSC LTD
EDITION 2.00.00 2001
This is the second edition of this manual, and incorporates all amendments to previous editions, in
whatever form they were issued, prior to July 1999.
EDITION 2.00.00 © 1999,2000,2001 G LONGHURST
The information contained in this publication is for instructional use only. Every effort has been made to ensure
the validity and accuracy of the material contained herein, however no responsibility is accepted for errors or
discrepancies. The texts are subject to frequent changes which are beyond our control.
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
Online Documentation Help Pages
Help
TO NAVIGATE THROUGH THIS MANUAL
When navigating through the manual the default style of cursor will be the hand symbol.
This version of the CD-Online manual also supports a mouse incorporating a wheel/
navigation feature. When the hand tool is moved over a link on the screen it changes to a
hand with a pointing finger. Clicking on this link will perform a pre-defined action such as
jumping to a different position within the file or to a different document.
Navigation through a manual can be done in the following ways:
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
Online Documentation Help Pages
Help
The INDEX The EMAIL button The PAGE The SEARCH button allows
button takes you to enables you to send button takes you you to search for specific
the Index of the us your comments to the previous words within the manual
manual you are in, regarding this and next pages (More information can be
if it is available. product, provided in the book. found in the ‘Searching’
you have an internet section). The arrows are used
connection. to display the previous and
next words whilst using the
search tool.
The CONTENTS The WEB The BACK button The HELP The EXIT
button takes you to button takes returns you to your button button exits
the first page of the you to the previous position in takes you from the
main Table Of Click2PPSC the document. to the help application.
Contents. web site. pages.
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Mathematics - General Reminders
The Earth
The Triangle of Velocities and Navigation
Computer
Terrestrial Magnetism
Aircraft Magnetism
Direct Reading Compasses
The Slaved Gyro\Remote Reading Compass
Properties of a Chart
The Mercator Projection
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Lambert Projection
The Polar Stereographic Projection
The Transverse Mercator
The Oblique Mercator
Grid Navigation
The One in Sixty Rule
Visual Navigation Techniques
Plotting
Point of Equal Time
Point of Safe Return
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
Relative Velocity
The Solar System
Time and Time Conversions
Inertial Navigation Systems
Purposes of a Flight Management Systems
(FMS)
The Compass Swing
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
061 General Navigation
Mathematics - General Reminders
Simple Arithmetic
Powers, Roots and Indices
Algebra
Trigonometry
Trigonometrical Functions
© G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
Mathematics - General Reminders
Mathematics - General Reminders
1
1. Understanding and being able to apply some of the basic principles of mathematics is an
essential requirement for anyone studying for a professional pilot’s licence or instrument rating.
Almost all aspects of aviation can be said to have a mathematical basis or involve mathematics to
some degree.
2. The level of mathematical knowledge required by this syllabus is well within the grasp of the
average person. However, as it has usually been some time since our students have had to transpose a
formula, solve an equation or use trigonometry, this chapter supplies a few reminders of such areas.
3. Please study this chapter before embarking on any other part of the course. There are
worksheet questions at the end of the chapter to enable you to test your progress.
4. The first area of mathematics to be considered is simple arithmetic.
Simple Arithmetic
Addition
5. The addition of positive or negative values produces a positive or negative result depending
on the sign and magnitude of the two parts being added, for example:
Chapter 1 Page 1 © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide
Mathematics - General Reminders
(a) (+2) + (+3) = +5
(b) (-2) + (-3) = -5
(c) (-3) + (+5) = +2
(d) (+3) + (-5) = -2
Subtraction
6. When a number is subtracted from another the sign of the result depends on the sign and
magnitude of the two numbers. For example, when both numbers are positive:
(e) (+5) - (+3) = +2
(f) (+3) - (+5) = -2
7. When one or both numbers are negative the result varies depending on which is the larger
number as illustrated in the following examples:
Chapter 1 Page 2 © G LONGHURST 1999 All Rights Reserved Worldwide