General History of Africa, Volume 8: Africa since 1935

1039 Pages·1993·59.74 MB·English

by  A. Adu Boahen

G E N E R A L HISTORY OF AFRICA • V I H
Africa since 1935
U N E S C O General History of Africa
Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory
(Editor J. Ki-Zerbo)
Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa
(Editor G . Mokhtar)
Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
(Editor M . El Fasi)
(Assistant Editor I. Hrbek)
Volume IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
(Editor D . T . N i a n e )
Volume V Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
(Editor B . A . Ogot)
Volume VI T h e Nineteenth Century until the 1880s
(Editor J. F. A . Ajayi)
Volume VII Africa under Foreign Domination, 1880-1935
(Editor A . A . Boahen)
Volume VIII Africa since 1935
(Editor A . A . Mazrui)
(Assistant Editor C . Wondji)
U N E S C O would like to express its gratitude to the former Empress of
Iran, to the Holy See and in particular to the Government of the
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya for their generousf inancialc ontributions to the
publication of the General History of Africa.
U N E S C O International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa
GENERAL HISTORY
OF AFRICA-VIII
Africa since 1935
EDITOR ALI A. MAZRU1
ASSISTANT EDITOR C. WONDJI
HEINEMANN-CALIFORNIA- UNESCO
Africa since IQ35
First published in 1993 by the
United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization,
7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris
and
Heinemann Educational
a division of Heinemann Publishers (Oxford) Ltd
Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford O X 2 8EJ
P M B 5205, Ibadan P O Box 54314, Nairobi
P O Box 10103, Village Post Office, Gaborone
FLORENCE PRAGUE MADRID
PARIS ATHENS BOLOGNA MELBOURNE
SYDNEY AUCKLAND SINGAPORE JOHANNESBURG
TOKYO PORTSMOUTH N H (USA) CHICAGO SAO PAULO
First published 1993
in the United States of America by the
University of California Press
2120 Berkeley W a y , Berkeley
California 94720, United States of America
© U N E S C O 1993
Maps drawn by John Gilkes
Heinemann Educational ISBN 0435 948148
U N E S C O ISBN 92-3-102758-1
University of California Press ISBN 0-520 03920-3
2
L C N 78-573 1
T h e ideas and opinions expressed in this book
are those of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the views of U N E S C O .
T h e designation employed and the
presentation of material throughout the
publication do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of U N E S C O
concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or
concerning its frontiers or boundaries.
Filmset in upt Monophoto Ehrhardt by
Selwood Systems, Midsomer Norton
Printed in Great Britain by
Richard Clay Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk
93 94 95 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 i
Contents
Key for maps ix
List of figures xi
List of plates xi
Acknowledgements for plates xvi
Preface xix
Amadou-Mahtar M ' B O W , Director-General of U N E S C O (1974-87)
Description of the project xxv
Bethwell A . O G O T , President of the International Scientific Committee
for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1978-83)
Note to the reader xxvi
1 Introduction 1
Ali A . M A Z R U I
Section I — Africa in a decade of world conflicts, 1935-45
2 The Horn and North Africa, 1935-45: crises and change 29
Tayeb C H E N N T O U F
3 Tropical and equatorial Africa under French, Portuguese and
Spanish domination, 1935-45 58
Majhemout D I O P in collaboration with David B I R M I N G H A M ,
Ivan H R B E K , Alfredo M A R G A R I D O and Djibril Tamsir N I A N E
4 Africa under British and Belgian domination, 1935-45 76
Michael C R O W D E R
Section II — The struggle for political sovereignty: from IÇ45 to independence
5 Seek yef irstt he political kingdom 105
Ali A . M A Z R U I
6 North Africa and the Horn 127
Ivan H R B E K
7 West Africa, 1945-60 161
Jean S U R E T - C A N A L E and A . Adu B O A H E N
v
Contents
8 Equatorial West Africa 192
Elikia M ' B O K O L O
9 The struggle for political sovereignty in Eastern Africa, 1945 to
independence 221
Michael T W A D D L E in collaboration with Lucile
R A B E A R I M A N A N A and Isaria N . K I M A M B O
10 Southern Africa since 1945 249
David C H A N A I W A
Section III — Underdevelopment and the struggle for economic independence
11 Economic changes in Africa in the world context 285
Catherine C O Q U E R Y - V I D R O V I T C H
12 Agriculture and rural development since 1935 317
Maxwell O W U S U
13 Industrial development and urban growth, 1935-80 357
Pierre K I P R É
14 Comparative strategies of economic decolonization in Africa 393
Adebayo A D E D E J I
Section IV — Socio-political change since independence
15 Nation-building and changing political structures 435
J. Isawa E L A I G W U in collaboration with Ali A . M A Z R U I
16 Nation-building and changing political values 468
Joseph K I - Z E R B O , Ali A . M A Z R U I and Christophe W O N D J I in
collaboration with A . A d u B O A H E N
Section V — Socio-cultural change since ig^S
17 Religion and social evolution 501
Tshishiku T S H I B A N G U in collaboration with J. F. Ade AJAYI and
Lemin S A N N E H
18 Language and social change 522
Alfa I. S O W and Mohamed H . A B D U L A Z I Z
19 The development of modern literature since 1935 553
Ali A . M A Z R U I in collaboration with the late Mario de A N D R A D E ,
M'hamed A L A O U I A B D A L A O U I , Daniel P. K U N E N E and Jan
VANSINA
vi
Contents
20 Arts and society since 1935 582
Jan V A N S I N A
21 Trends in philosophy and science in Africa 633
Ali A . M A Z R U I and J. F. Ade AJAYI in collaboration with A . A d u
B O A H E N and Tshishiku T S H I B A N G U
22 Education and social change 678
Aklilu H A B T E and Teshome W A G A W in collaboration with J. F. Ade
AJAYI
Section VI — Pan-Africanism: liberation and integration since IÇ35
23 Africa and its diaspora since 1935 705
Joseph E . H A R R I S in collaboration with Slimane Z E G H I D O U R
24 Pan-Africanism and regional integration 724
S . K . B . A S A N T E in collaboration with David C H A N A I W A
25 Pan-Africanism and liberation 744
Edem K O D J O and David C H A N A I W A
Section VII — Independent Africa in world affairs
26 Africa and the capitalist countries 769
CHINWEIZU
27 Africa and the socialist countries 798
Iba Der T H I A M and James M U L I R A in collaboration with
Christophe W O N D J I
28 Africa and the developing regions 829
Locksley E D M O N D S O N
29 Africa and the United Nations since 1945 871
Edmond K w a m K O U A S S I
30 Towards the year 2000 905
Ali A . M A Z R U I
Members of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of
a General History of Africa 934
Biographies of authors 936
Bibliography 941
Index 981
vii
Key for maps
BAULE Ethnic groups
ZAMBIA States
F E Z Z Ä N Regions
SAHARA Natural regions
International boundaries
• Capital cities
Ubangui Rivers
Additional information and keys are given on individual maps .
ix
List of figures
i.i T h e political m a p of Africa in 1935 2-3
10.1 Major mineral resources in Southern Africa 250
1.1 Italy's territorial claims in Africa (1940 plans) 290
11.2 T h e financing of capital investment in French-speaking black
Africa and Madagascar, 1946-73, in billions of i960 constant C F A
francs 2ç8
1.3 S C O A ' s profits, 1910-60 301
11.4 Investment and savings in Africa, 1960-83, excluding oil-exporting
countries 307
11.5 Regional and sub-regional organizations for co-operation and inte-
gration in Africa 311
12.1 T h e risk of desert advance in Africa as recorded after the U N
conference on desertification, 197 34 <
12.2 T h e distribution of cattle in Africa, with an inset m a p showing
the main tsetse areas 338
12.3 Patterns of international labour migration in Africa, 1946-52
12.4 Major mineral workings in Africa 352
12.5 T h e distribution of cash crops in Africa 353
13.1 A pre-colonial city: O n d o 386
14.1 Trends in per capita food production: the world, the L D C s and
Africa (base 1974-6) 401
14.2 M U L P O C regional groupings in Africa 410
14.3 Regional economic groupings in Africa 411
14.4 West Africa: Highway Master Plan ( E C A / E C O W A S ) 412
14.5 Eastern and Southern Africa Preferential Trade Area: Highway
Master Plan 414
17.1 Distribution of Christianity, Islam and traditional African religion
in Africa, where each religion claims 50 per cent or more of the
country's population $04
18.1 Distribution of oficial languages in Africa 52g
22.1 School enrolment in Africa, 1960-80, adjusted gross enrolment
ratios by level 688
22.2 School enrolment in Africa, i960 and 1980, adjusted gross enrol-
ment ratios by level and sex 688
22.3 Trends in primary-school enrolment in Africa, 1960-80, showing
primary population and primary enrolment in millions, together
with the adjusted gross primary enrolment ratio (percentage)
689
29.1 Togoland in 1919 - Franco-British Declaration, London, 10 July
1919 874
xi