General History of Africa, Volume 7: Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935

889 Pages·1985·53.28 MB·English

by  A. Adu Boahen

GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA- VII
Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935
U N E S C O General History of Africa
Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory
(Editor J. Ki-Zerbo)
Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa
(Editor G . Mokhtar)
Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
(Editor M . El Fasi)
(Assistant Editor I. Hrbek)
Volume IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
(Editor D . T . Niane)
Volume V Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
(Editor B . A . Ogot)
Volume VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s
(Editor J. F. A . Ajayi)
Volume VII Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935
(Editor A . A . Boahen)
Volume VIII Africa since 1935
(Editor A . A . Mazrui)
(Assistant Editor C . Wondji)
U N E S C O International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a Ceneral History of Africa
GENERAL HISTORY
OF AFRICA VII
Africa under Colonial
Domination 1880-1935
EDITOR A. ADUBOAHEN
HEINEMANN- CALIFORNIA- UNESCO
First published 1985 by the
United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization,
7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris
and
Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
22 Bedford Square, London W C i B 3 H H
P . M . B . 5205, Ibadan P . O . Box 45314, Nairobi
EDINBURGH M E L B O U R N E A U C K L A N D
H O N G K O N G SINGAPORE KUALA L U M P U R
N E W DELHI KINGSTON P O R T OF SPAIN
First published 1985
in the United States of America by the
University of California Press
2120 Berkeley W a y , Berkeley
California 94720, United States of America
Reprinted in 2000 by U N E S C O Publishing
1 rue Miollis, 75732 PABJS Cedex 15, France
© UN E S C O 1985
Heinemann Educational Books ISBN o 435 94813 X
UNESCO ISBN 92-3-101-713-6
University of California Press ISBN 0-520-03918-1
LCN 78-57321
Filmset in 1 ipt Monophoto Ehrhardt by
Northumberland Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear
Contents
List of figures ix
List of plates xi
List of tables xv
Acknowledgements for plates xvi
Preface xix
A M A D O U - M A H T A R M ' B O W , Director-General of Unesco
Description of the Project xxv
B . A . O G O T , Former President of the International Scientific Committee
for the Drafting of a General History of Africa
Note on chronology xxix
i Africa and the colonial chalenge i
A. A D U B O A H E N
2 European partition and conquest of Africa: an overview 19
G. N . U Z O I G W E
3 African initiatives and resistance in the face of partition and con-
quest 45
T. O. R A N G E R
4 African initiatives and resistance in North-East Africa 63
H . A . I B R A H I M based on a contribution by the late Abbas I. Ali
5 African initiatives and resistance in North Africa and the Sahara 87
A. LAROUI
6 African initiatives and resistance in West Africa, 1880-1914 114
M'BAYE G U E Y E and A. A D U BO A H E N
7 African initiatives and resistance in East Africa, 1880-1914 149
H. A. M W A N Z I
8 African initiatives and resistance in Central Africa, 1880-1914 169
A. ISAACMAN and J. VANSINA
9 African initiatives and resistance in Southern Africa 194
D. CHANAIWA
10 Madagascar, 1880S-1930S: African initiatives and reaction to colonial
conquest and domination 221
M . ESOAVELOMANDROSO
v
Contents
ii Liberia and Ethiopia, 1880-1914: the survival of two African states
249
M . B . A K P A N based on contributionsf rom A. B.Jones andR. Pankhurst
12 T he First World W a r and its consequences 283
M . C R O W D E R
13 Methods and institutions of European domination 312
R . F . B E T T S revised by M. Asiwaju
14 T h e colonial economy 332
W . R O D N E Y
15 T he colonial economy of the former French, Belgian and Portuguese
zones, 1914-35 351
C. COQUERY-VIDROVITCH
16 T h e colonial economy: the former British zones 382
M . H . Y. KANIKI
17 The colonial economy: North Africa 420
Part I A . K A S S A B
Part II A . A . A B D U S S A L A M and F. S. A B U S E D R A
18 T h e social repercussions of colonial rule: demographic aspects 458
J. C. C A L D W E L L
19 T h e social repercussions of colonial rule: the new social structures
487
A. E. AFIGBO
20 Religion in Africa during the colonial era 508
K . ASARE O P O K U
21 T h e arts in Africa during the period of colonial rule 539
W O L E SOYINKA
22 African politics and nationalism, 1919-35 565
B. O . OLORUNTIMEHIN
23 Politics and nationalism in North-East Africa, 1919-35 580
H . A. IBRAHIM
24 Politics and nationalism in the Maghrib and the Sahara, 1919—35
603
J. BERQUE
25 Politics and nationalism in West Africa, 1919-35 624
A. A D U B O A H E N
26 Politics and nationalism in East Africa, 1919-35 648
E. S. ATIENO-ODHIAMBO
Contents
27 Politics and nationalism in Central and Southern Africa, 1919-35
673
A. B. DAVIDSON, A. ISAACMAN and R. PELISSIER
28 Ethiopia and Liberia, 1914-35: two independent African states in the
colonial era 712
M . B . A K P A N based on contributions from A. B. Jones and R. Pankhurst
29 Africa and the N e w World 746
R . D . R A L S T O N with sections on Latin America and the Caribbean
by Albuquerque Mourâo
30 Colonialism in Africa: its impact and significance 782
A. A D U BOAHEN
Members of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a
General History of Africa 810
Biographies of Authors 812
Bibliography 815
Index 845
N . B . Y . K W A R T E N G worked as editorial assistant to the volume editor.
vii
List of figures
i.i Africa on the eve of partition showing extent of conquest by 1880 2
2.1 Africa in 1914 43
4.1 Politics and nationalism in North-East Africa 64
5.1 T h e major regions of the Maghrib and the Sahara 88
5.2 T h e European campaigns in the Maghrib gi
5.3 Otoman Tripolitania, Sirtica and Cyrenaica 95
6.1 States and peoples of West Africa at the outset of European partition /15
6.2 T h e European advance into West Africa, c. 1880-1919 116
7.1 People and polities of East Africa, showing areas of the Majï Majï
rebelion 151
8.1 Peoples and polities of Central Africa, c. 1900 ijo
9.1 Peoples and polities of Southern Africa, showing the Nguni migrations and
the area of the Chimurenga igs
10.1 Madagascar around 1900 222
10.2 Major zones of the Menalamba rebelions 235
10.3 Resistance, insurrection and nationalism in Madagascar, 1896-1935 244
1 I.I Libera: territory annexed by the Americo-Liberians, 1822^74 251
11.2 T h e expansion of Ethiopian territory under Emperor Menelik II 255
11.3 British and French encroachments on territory claimed by Liberia, 1882-
1914 262
11.4 Ethiopia and the Scramble for Africa 266
12.1 Campaigns fought in Africa during the First World W a r 286-8
12.2 T h e changed m a p of Africa after the First World W a r 310
15.1 T h e resources of the French, Belgian and Portuguese colonies 352
15.2 Colonial foreign trade of former French, Belgian and Portuguese zones
355
15.3 Approximate evaluation of African monetary possibilities in French Guinea,
1928-38 368
16.1 East Africa: economic development in the former British zones, agricultural
products 385
16.2 West Africa: economic development in the former British zones 38g
16.3 East Africa: economic development in the former British zones, minerals
400
16.4 T h e growth of the railway network of South Africa, 1900-53 415
17.1 North-West Africa: economic development in the colonial period 421
17.2 European grape-wine plantations in Algeria, c. 1930 423
17.3 T h e extent of agricultural colonization in Tunisia in 1921 424
17.4 T h e Moroccan balance of trade deficit, 1912-38 432
17.5 Global Algerian trade, 1915-38 432
17.6 Trade with France as a percentage of global Algerian trade, 1920-38 433
17.7 Production and export of Tunisian olive oil, 1931-9 435
17.8 Libya, Egypt and Sudan: economic development in the colonial period
442
24.1 Politics and nationalism in the Maghrib and the Sahara, 1919-35 604
ix
List of figures
25.1 Politics and nationalism in West Africa, 1919-35 625
26.1 Politics and nationalism in East Africa, 1919-35 64g
27.1 Politics and nationalism in South Africa, 1919-35 681
27.2 Politics and nationalism in Central Africa, 1919-35 684
28.1 Position of roads in Libera, 1925 727
28.2 T h e Italian Fascist invasion of Ethiopia: the northern campaign (main m a p ) ;
the invasion as a whole (inset) 741
29.1 Afro-Brazilians in West Africa in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
753
x