General History of Africa, Volume 6: Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s

887 Pages·1989·54.97 MB·English

by  J. F. Ade Ajayi

GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA- VI
Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s
UNESCO General History of Africa
Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory
(Editor J. Ki-Zerbo)
Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa
(Editor G. Mokhtar)
Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
(Editor M. El Fasi)
(Assistant Editor I. Hrbek)
Volume IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
(Editor D. T. Niane)
Volume V Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
(Editor B. A. Ogot)
Volume VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s
(Editor J. F. A. Ajayi)
Volume VII Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935
(Editor A. A. Boahen)
Volume VIII Africa since 1935
(Editor A. A. Mazrui)
(Assistant Editor C. Wondji)
UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa
GENERAL HISTORY
OF AFRICA-VI
Africa in the Nineteenth Century
until the 1880s
EDITOR J.F.ADE AJAYI
HEINEMANN-CALIFORNIA-UNESCO
First published 1989 by the
United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization,
7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris
and
Heinemann International
a division of Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8EJ
P.M.B. 5205, Ibadan, P.O. Box 54314, Nairobi
P.O. Box 10103, Village Post Office, Gaborone
FLORENCE PRAGUE PARIS MADRID
ATHENS MELBOURNE JOHANNESBURG
AUCKLAND SINGAPORE TOKYO
CHICAGO SAO PAULO
Reprinted in 1995 by
Heinemann Educational Publishers
A Division of Heinemann Publishers (Oxford) Ltd
Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8EJ
First published 1989
in the United States of America by the
University of California Press
2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley
California 94720, United States of America
Reprinted in 2000 by UNESCO Publishing
1 rue Miollis, 75732 PARIS Cedex 15, France
© UNESCO 1989
Heinemann Publishers ISBN o 435 94812 1
UNESCO ISBN 92 3 101712 8
University of California Press ISBN o 520 039173
The ideas and opinions expressed in this book are those of
the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of
UNESCO.
The designation employed and the presentation of material
throughout the publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the
legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of
its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.
Filmset in 1 ipt Monophoto Ehrhardt by
Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London
Contents
Note on chronology ix
Key for Maps xi
List of figures xiii
List of plates xv
Acknowledgements for plates xix
Preface xxiii
AMADOU-MAHTAR M'BOW, Director-General of Unesco (1974-
1987)
Description of the project xxix
B. A. OGOT, President of the International Scientific Committee for the
Drafting of a General History of Africa (1978-1983)
1 Africa at the beginning of the nineteenth century: issues and pros
pects 1
J.F.A. AJAYI
2 Africa and the world-economy 23
I. WALLERSTEIN
3 New trends and processes in Africa
in the nineteenth century 40
A. A. BOAHEN
4 The abolition of the slave trade 64
S. DAGET
5 The Mfecane and the rise of new African states 90
L.D. NGCONGCO
6 The impact of the Mfecane on the Cape Colony 124
E.K. MASHINGAIDZE
7 The British, Boers and Africans in South Africa, 1850-80 144
N. BHEBE
8 The countries of the Zambezi basin 179
A.F. ISAACMAN
9 The East African coast and hinterland, 1800-45 2 I1
A. I. SALIM
10 The East African coast and hinterland, 1845-80 234
I.N. KIMAMBO
v
11 Peoples and states of the Great Lakes region 270
D.W.COHEN
12 The Congo Basin and Angola 294
J. L. VELLUT
13 The renaissance of Egypt, 1805-81 325
A. ABDEL-MALEK
14 The Sudan in the nineteenth century 356
H. A. IBRAHIM with a contribution on the Southern Sudan by
B.A. OGOT
15 Ethiopia and Somalia 376
R. PANKHURST with some notes on Somali history supplied by
L. V. CASSANELLI
16 Madagascar 1800-80 412
P. M. MUTIBWA with a contribution by
F. V. ESOAVELO-MANDROSO
17 New trends in the Maghrib: Algeria, Tunisia and Libya 448
M.H. CHERIF
18 Morocco from the beginning of the nineteenth century
to 1880 478
A. LAROUI
19 New patterns of European intervention in the Maghrib 497
N. IVANOV
20 The Sahara in the nineteenth century 515
S. BAIER
21 The nineteenth-century Islamic revolutions in West Africa 537
A. BATRAN
22 The Sokoto caliphate and Borno 555
M.LAST
23 Massina and the Torodbe (Tukuloor) empire until 1878 600
M. LY-TALL
24 States and peoples of Senegambia and Upper Guinea 636
Y. PERSON
25 States and peoples of the Niger Bend and the Volta 662
K. ARHIN and J. KI-ZERBO
26 Dahomey, Yorubaland, Borgu and Benin in the nineteenth
century 699
A. I. ASIWAJU
Contents
27 The Niger delta and the Cameroon region 724
E. J. ALAGOA with contributions on the Cameroon by
L. Z. ELANGO and on Gabon by M. METEGUE N'NAH
28 The African diaspora 749
F. W. KNIGHT with contributions by Y. TALIB and P. D. CURTIN
29 Conclusion: Africa on the eve of the European conquest 773
J. F. A. AJAYI
Members of the International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a
General History of Africa 792
Biographies of Authors 794
Bibliography 797
Index 833
M. O M O L E WA worked as editorial assistant to the volume editor.
vu
Note on chronology
It has been agreed to adopt the following method for writing dates. With
regard to prehistory, dates may be written in two different ways.
One way is by reference to the present era, that is, dates BP (before
present), the reference year being + 1950; all dates are negative in relation
to +1950.
The other way is by reference to the beginning of the Christian era.
Dates are represented in relation to the Christian era by a simple + or —
sign before the date. When referring to centuries, the terms BC and AD are
replaced by 'before the Christian era' and 'of the Christian era'.
Some examples are as follows:
(i) 2300 BP= -350
(Ü) 29OO BC = — 29OO
AD l800= + 180O
(iii) 5th century BC = 5th century before the Christian era
3rd century AD = 3rd century of the Christian era
ix
Key for Maps
BAU LE Ethnic Groups
NYUMI States
DIAFUNU Regions
Gambia Rivers
X
Battlesites
• Mountains
• Monastic headquarters of religious order
• Site of town
o
Site of City
xi