GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA- VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s UNESCO General History of Africa Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory (Editor J. Ki-Zerbo) Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar) Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (Editor M. El Fasi) (Assistant Editor I. Hrbek) Volume IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (Editor D. T. Niane) Volume V Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Editor B. A. Ogot) Volume VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s (Editor J. F. A. Ajayi) Volume VII Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935 (Editor A. A. Boahen) Volume VIII Africa since 1935 (Editor A. A. Mazrui) (Assistant Editor C. Wondji) UNESCO International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA-VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s EDITOR J.F.ADE AJAYI HEINEMANN-CALIFORNIA-UNESCO First published 1989 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris and Heinemann International a division of Heinemann Educational Books Ltd Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8EJ P.M.B. 5205, Ibadan, P.O. Box 54314, Nairobi P.O. Box 10103, Village Post Office, Gaborone FLORENCE PRAGUE PARIS MADRID ATHENS MELBOURNE JOHANNESBURG AUCKLAND SINGAPORE TOKYO CHICAGO SAO PAULO Reprinted in 1995 by Heinemann Educational Publishers A Division of Heinemann Publishers (Oxford) Ltd Halley Court, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8EJ First published 1989 in the United States of America by the University of California Press 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley California 94720, United States of America Reprinted in 2000 by UNESCO Publishing 1 rue Miollis, 75732 PARIS Cedex 15, France © UNESCO 1989 Heinemann Publishers ISBN o 435 94812 1 UNESCO ISBN 92 3 101712 8 University of California Press ISBN o 520 039173 The ideas and opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNESCO. The designation employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. Filmset in 1 ipt Monophoto Ehrhardt by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London Contents Note on chronology ix Key for Maps xi List of figures xiii List of plates xv Acknowledgements for plates xix Preface xxiii AMADOU-MAHTAR M'BOW, Director-General of Unesco (1974- 1987) Description of the project xxix B. A. OGOT, President of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1978-1983) 1 Africa at the beginning of the nineteenth century: issues and pros pects 1 J.F.A. AJAYI 2 Africa and the world-economy 23 I. WALLERSTEIN 3 New trends and processes in Africa in the nineteenth century 40 A. A. BOAHEN 4 The abolition of the slave trade 64 S. DAGET 5 The Mfecane and the rise of new African states 90 L.D. NGCONGCO 6 The impact of the Mfecane on the Cape Colony 124 E.K. MASHINGAIDZE 7 The British, Boers and Africans in South Africa, 1850-80 144 N. BHEBE 8 The countries of the Zambezi basin 179 A.F. ISAACMAN 9 The East African coast and hinterland, 1800-45 2 I1 A. I. SALIM 10 The East African coast and hinterland, 1845-80 234 I.N. KIMAMBO v 11 Peoples and states of the Great Lakes region 270 D.W.COHEN 12 The Congo Basin and Angola 294 J. L. VELLUT 13 The renaissance of Egypt, 1805-81 325 A. ABDEL-MALEK 14 The Sudan in the nineteenth century 356 H. A. IBRAHIM with a contribution on the Southern Sudan by B.A. OGOT 15 Ethiopia and Somalia 376 R. PANKHURST with some notes on Somali history supplied by L. V. CASSANELLI 16 Madagascar 1800-80 412 P. M. MUTIBWA with a contribution by F. V. ESOAVELO-MANDROSO 17 New trends in the Maghrib: Algeria, Tunisia and Libya 448 M.H. CHERIF 18 Morocco from the beginning of the nineteenth century to 1880 478 A. LAROUI 19 New patterns of European intervention in the Maghrib 497 N. IVANOV 20 The Sahara in the nineteenth century 515 S. BAIER 21 The nineteenth-century Islamic revolutions in West Africa 537 A. BATRAN 22 The Sokoto caliphate and Borno 555 M.LAST 23 Massina and the Torodbe (Tukuloor) empire until 1878 600 M. LY-TALL 24 States and peoples of Senegambia and Upper Guinea 636 Y. PERSON 25 States and peoples of the Niger Bend and the Volta 662 K. ARHIN and J. KI-ZERBO 26 Dahomey, Yorubaland, Borgu and Benin in the nineteenth century 699 A. I. ASIWAJU Contents 27 The Niger delta and the Cameroon region 724 E. J. ALAGOA with contributions on the Cameroon by L. Z. ELANGO and on Gabon by M. METEGUE N'NAH 28 The African diaspora 749 F. W. KNIGHT with contributions by Y. TALIB and P. D. CURTIN 29 Conclusion: Africa on the eve of the European conquest 773 J. F. A. AJAYI Members of the International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa 792 Biographies of Authors 794 Bibliography 797 Index 833 M. O M O L E WA worked as editorial assistant to the volume editor. vu Note on chronology It has been agreed to adopt the following method for writing dates. With regard to prehistory, dates may be written in two different ways. One way is by reference to the present era, that is, dates BP (before present), the reference year being + 1950; all dates are negative in relation to +1950. The other way is by reference to the beginning of the Christian era. Dates are represented in relation to the Christian era by a simple + or — sign before the date. When referring to centuries, the terms BC and AD are replaced by 'before the Christian era' and 'of the Christian era'. Some examples are as follows: (i) 2300 BP= -350 (Ü) 29OO BC = — 29OO AD l800= + 180O (iii) 5th century BC = 5th century before the Christian era 3rd century AD = 3rd century of the Christian era ix Key for Maps BAU LE Ethnic Groups NYUMI States DIAFUNU Regions Gambia Rivers X Battlesites • Mountains • Monastic headquarters of religious order • Site of town o Site of City xi
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