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General history of Africa, IV PDF

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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA- IV \frica from theTwelfth to the Sixteenth Century U N E S C O General History of Africa Volume I Methodology and African Prehistory (Editor J. Ki-Zerbo) Volume II Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G . Mokhtar) Volume III Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century (Editor M . El Fasi) (Assistant Editor I. Hrbek) Volume IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (Editor D . T . Niane) Volume V Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century (Editor B . A . Ogot) Volume VI Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s (Editor J. F. A . Ajayi) Volume VII Africa under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935 (Editor A . A . Boahen) Volume VIII Africa since 1935 (Editor A . A . Mazrui) (Assistant Editor C . Wondji) U N E S C O International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA; IV Africa from theTwelfth to the Sixteenth Century EDITOR D.T.N1ANE HEINEMANN-CALIFORNIA-UNESCO First published 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris and Heinemann Educational Books Ltd 22 Bedford Square, London W C i B 3 H H P M B 5205, Ibadan P . O . Box 45314, Nairobi EDINBURGH M E L B O U R N E A U C K L A N D H O N G K O N G SINGAPORE KUALA L U M P U R N E W DELHI KINGSTON P O R T OF SPAIN First published 1984 in the United States of America by the University of California Press 2120 Berkeley W a y , Berkeley California 94720, United States of America Reprinted in 2000 by U N E S C O Publishing 1 rue Miollis, 75732 PARIS Cedex 15, France © U N E S C O 1984 Heinemann Educational Books ISBN 0 435 94810 5 UNESCO ISBN 92-3-101-710-1 University of California Press ISBN 0-520-03915-7 Filmset in upt Monophoto Ehrhardt by Northumberland Press Ltd, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear Contents List of figures ix List of plates xi Acknowledgements for plates xv Preface xvi A M A D O U - M A H T A R M ' B O W , Director-General of Unesco Description of the Project xxi B . A . O G O T , President of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa Note on chronology xxvi i Introduction i D . T. NIANE 2 T h e unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads 15 0. SAIDI 3 The spread of civilization in the Maghrib and its impact on western civilization 57 M . TALBI 4 The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib 78 1. HRBEK 5 Society in the Maghrib after the disappearance of the Almohads 102 R . IDRIS 6 Mali and the second Mandingo expansion 117 D . T. NIANE 7 The decline of the Mali empire 172 M . LY-TALL 8 The Songhay from the 12th to the 16th century 187 S. M . CISSOKO 9 The peoples and kingdoms of the Niger Bend and the Volta basin from the 12th to the 16th century 211 M . IZARD 10 The kingdoms and peoples of Chad 238 D . L A N G E v Contents 11 The Hausa and their neighbours in the central Sudan 266 M . A D A M U 12 The coastal peoples: from Casamance to the Ivory Coast lagoons 301 Y. PERSON 13 From the Ivory Coast lagoons to the Volta 324 P. K I P R E 14 From the Volta to Cameroon 339 A. F. C. RYDER 15 Egypt and the Muslim world 371 J. C. G A R C I N 16 Nubia from the late 12th century to the Funj conquest in the early 15th century 398 L. KROPÁCEK 17 T he Horn of Africa: the Solomonids in Ethiopia and the states of the Horn of Africa 423 T. T A M R A T 18 T h e development of Swahili civilization 455 V. V. MATVEIEV 19 Between the coast and the great lakes 481 C. EHRET 20 T he Great Lakes region 498 B. A. O G O T 21 The Zambezi and Limpopo basins: 1100-1500 525 B. M . F A G A N 22 Equatorial Africa and Angola: migrations and the emergence of the first states 551 J. VANSINA 23 Southern Africa: its peoples and social structures 578 L . D . N G C O N G C O with the collaboration of J. Vansina 24 Madagascar and the neighbouring islands from the 12th to the 16th century 597 F. ESOAVELOMANDROSO 25 Relationships and exchanges among the diferent regions 614 D . T. NIANE 26 Africa in inter-continental relations 635 J. D E V I S S E with the collaboration ofS. Labib Contents 27 Conclusion 673 D . T. NIANE M e m b e r s of the International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa 687 Biographies of authors 689 Bibliography 692 Index 735 List of figures 2.1 Th e Maghrib during the i2th century-economic activities ¡6 2.2 T h e Almohad reconquest 33 4.1 Dismemberment of the Almohad empire 81 6.1 OldManding 128 6.1 M a p of the site of the Niani excavation 138 6.3 Niani: plan of the sites in the Siguiri region 13g 6.4 Niani: station 1, a selection of types of pottery found in radiocarbon-dated layers I—I 140 6.5 Niani: station 6 D (Arab quarter), a selection of the pottery found in radiocarbon-dated layers I—VI 141 6.6 Niani: station 6 D (Arab quarter), a selection of ceramics from layers I-IIb 142 6.7 Niani: station 1, a colection of spindle-whorls 143 6.8 Niani: station 32 (cemetery), a clay cup from burial mou n d no. 1 144 6.9 Genealogy of the mansas of Mali according to Ibn Khaldûn 147 6.10 T h e Mali empire, 1325 153 6.11 Main trans-Saharan routes in the 14th century 755 7.1 T h e states of the Sudan in the 16th century 17g 8.1 T h e Songhay empire towards the end of the 16th century J92 9.1 T h e Niger Bend and the Volta basin, 1100-1600 218 10.1 Simplified extract from the large m a p by al-Idrîsï (1154) after the recon- struction by K . Miler in Y . Kamal, Monumenta 3(4), p. 867 240 10.2 Simplified extract from the 'Shorter Idrïsï' (1192) after the reconstruction by K . Miler, Mappe Arabicae, 1(3), p. 99 241 10.3 T h e Lake Chad area (Lake KOri) after the reconstruction of an extract from the m a p by Ibn Sa'ïd 242 10.4 Peoples and kingdoms of Chad in the 14th century 25 j 10.5 Peoples and kingdoms of Chad in the 15th century 25g 10.6 Genealogy of the Sefuwa 26/ 11.1 T h e Hausa and the other peoples of northern Nigeria 287 12.1 Upper Guinea in the 15th century 305 13.1 Archaeological sites at A b y lagoon 327 13.2 Akan migrations 333 13.3 M a p of the area between the Niger valey and the Gulf of Guinea 336 14.1 M a p of the area between the Volta and Cameroon, 1100-1500 340 14.2 Populations of the Niger delta 342 14.3 Schematic drawing of the bronze roped pot 35g 14.4 Sites oftheTsoede bronzes 368 15.1 T h e Near East during the M a m l u k period 378 16.1 Nubia from the late 12th century until the Funj conquest at the beginning of the 16th century 400 17.1 Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa 424 18.1 Internal and transoceanic trade in the coastal towns of East Africa between the 12th and 15th centuries 458-g ix List of figures 18.2 Island and town of Kilwa 464 19.1 Probable approximate locations of peoples in the East African interior in the 12th century 4Q5 19.2 Probable approximate locations of peoples in the East African interior in the 16th century 4Q6 20.1 Early migrations of the L u o 506 20.2 T h e Bachwezi and the immigrants 512 20.3 Kintu to Kimera 520 21.1 Sites and archaeological traditions mentioned in the text 526 21.2 Great Zimbabwe ruins 536 21.3 Great Zimbabwe: the Acropolis and the Great Enclosure 53 j 21.4 Pottery excavated from the later levels on the Acropolis, Great Zimb a b w e 538 21.5 Potery excavated from Chedzugwe, Z imbabwe 545 21.6 Archaeological traditions and phases ¡4g 22.1 Central Africa, c. 1500 553 22.1 Archaeological sites of southern Africa, 1100-1500 584 23.2 Khoikhoi expansion 5 9 / 24.1 Madagascar: migration streams and peopling $g8 24.2 Ambohitrikanjaka, Imerina 608 25.1 Circulation of m e n and techniques in West Africa 626 25.2 Central, East and Southern Africa, 1 ith-i5th centuries 62g 26.1 T h e world according to al-IdrîsT and Ibn Khaldün 638 26.2 Economic relations between places bordering the western Mediterranean 643 26.3 Search for African gold by European merchants, I2th-i5th centuries 644 26.4 Flow of African gold into the Muslim economy of North Africa 647 26.5 T h e Portuguese encirclement of Africa in the 15th century 663 x

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