General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China PDF
Preview General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China
General He Yingqin A revisionist study of the career of General He Yingqin, one of the mostprominentmilitaryofficersinChina’sNationalistperiod(1928– 49), and one of the most misunderstood figures in twentieth-century China. Western scholars have dismissed He Yingqin as corrupt and incompetent, yet the Chinese archives reveal that he demonstrated considerable success as a combat commander and military adminis- tratorduringcivilconflictsandtheSino-JapaneseWar.Hisworkinthe ChineseNationalistmilitaryservedasthefoundationofaclosepersonal andprofessionalrelationshipwithChiangKai-shekthatlastedformore thantwodecades.AgainstthebackdropoftheNationalistrevolutionof the1920sthroughthe1940s,PeterWorthinganalyzesHeYingqin’srise topoweralongsideChiangKai-shek,hisworkinbuildingtheNational- istmilitary,andhisfundamentalroleincarryingoutpoliciesdesigned toovercometheregime’sgreatestobstaclesduringthisturbulentperiod ofChinesehistory. peter worthingisAssociateProfessorofHistoryatTexasChristian University.HeistheauthorofOccupationandRevolution:Chinaandthe VietnameseAugustRevolutionof1945andAMilitaryHistoryofModern China:FromtheQingConquesttoTian’anmenSquare. General He Yingqin The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China Peter Worthing TexasChristianUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107144637 (cid:2)C PeterWorthing2016 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2016 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata ISBN978-1-107-14463-7Hardback ISBN978-1-316-50781-0Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofmaps pagevi Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1 LifeanddeathinaKunmingteahouse 12 2 “LikeBaoShuyaandGuanZhong” 35 3 TheEasternRouteArmyintheNorthernExpedition 58 4 “WithoutChiangKai-shek,thereisnoHeYingqin!” 87 5 Reorganizationanditsdiscontents 113 6 Tradingreputationfortime 137 7 “Aforceforahundred-yearwarofresistance” 177 8 “MaybenowthefireishotenoughtofryHo Ying-ch’in!!!!” 206 9 “Atallbuildingonshiftingsands” 240 Conclusion 273 Bibliography 279 Index 295 v Maps 1 SouthwesternChina page23 2 GuangdongduringtheEasternExpeditions 45 3 EasternChinaduringtheNorthernExpedition 67 4 TheYangzivalleyandthebattleatLongtan 103 5 CentralChinaduringtheCentralPlainsWar 126 6 NorthChinainthe1930s 146 7 ChinaduringtheSino-JapaneseWar 216 (AllmapscreatedbyCarolZuber-MallisonofZMGraphics,Inc.) vi Acknowledgments ThisbookistheresultofmorethantenyearsofresearchonHeYingqin andNationalistChina.Likeallauthorsofsuchworks,Ihaveaccumulated anumberofdebtstothosewhohavehelpedalongtheway.Atmyhome institution, Texas Christian University, I am grateful to my colleagues inthedepartmentofhistorywhosupportedthisproject.AlanGallayin particular provided valuable feedback and sound advice. Andy School- master, Dean of the AddRan College of Liberal Arts, supported this project in a number of ways. Beyond providing additional resources for researchtripsandamid-careerresearchgrant,hearrangedformetotake a one-semester sabbatical despite the fact that I was serving as depart- ment chair at the time. Jill Kendle, Kay Edmondson, and Clare Taylor oftheinterlibraryloandepartmentoftheMaryCouttsBurnettLibrary at TCU assisted with a steady stream of materials from libraries across thecountry.Withouttheirhelp,Icouldnothavecompletedthisproject. Iwouldalsoliketoacknowledgethehelpoftwograduatestudentsinour department, Jessica Webb and Shawn Devaney, who provided research support. Harold Tanner of the University of North Texas and Parks Coble of the University of Nebraska read portions of the manuscript and offered important suggestions and corrections. At Cambridge Uni- versity Press, I must acknowledge the help of Asian studies editor Lucy Rhymer and two anonymous readers, who also made suggestions for strengthening the manuscript. Karen Anderson Howes provided first- ratecopy-editing,improvingtheproseandsavingmefromanumberof missteps. I have benefited from institutional support from the Research and Creative Activities Fund at TCU, which funded early research trips to archives and libraries. In the United States, I am indebted to Hsiao- t’ingLin,CuratoroftheEastAsiaCollectionattheHooverInstitution, StanfordUniversity,XueZhaohuiandthestaffoftheStanfordEastAsia Library,andVickyFuDoll,ChineseandKoreanStudiesLibrarianatthe University of Kansas Library. In Taipei, I relied on the help of director Lu Fangshang and the staff of the Guoshiguan (Academia Historica) vii viii Acknowledgments andthestaffoftheTaiwanNationalLibrary.InthePeople’sRepublicof China, the staff of the Second Historical Archives in Nanjing provided helpinlocatingmaterials. IwouldberemissifIdidnotacknowledgemyfriendsandteammates ontheWhalersHockeyClub,especiallyVanceCarter,whonevertiredof asking,“Hey,Professor,isthebookdoneyet?”Intheend,itisperhaps the people closest to us who provide the most important sources of supportandinspirationduringlongperiodsofresearchandwriting.My deepest gratitude and thanks go to my wife Mona Narain and daughter Tanushri.Theymadeitallpossible.
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