General and Applied Geophysics

225 Pages·1990·24.462 MB·English

by  Kaul, I.K.;Bhattacharyya, A.K.;Sengupta, S.

GENERAANLD A_P PLIED
GEOPHYSICS
ProIf..KK a.u l
DrA.. KB.h atatraycyha
ProSf.S. e Gnu pta
DepartomfGe enotl &o Ggeyo hpysics,
IndiIanns toifTt eucthen ology,
Khara7g2p31u0 r2 ,
India.
A Publiocfta htei on
ASSOCIATOIFEO XNP LORATGIEOONP HYSICISTS,
CENTROEFE XPLORATGIEOONP HYCSSBI UILDI'N G
OSMANIUAN IVERSCIATMYP US,
HYDERAB-A5D0 0 I0N0D7I,A .
DeluxEed itio(nR exiBnoeu nd)
PricRes .
250/-
US
$ 50/-
StudeEndti tio(nP apebra ck)
PricRes .1 50/-
US $3 0/-
@
AssociaotfEi xonp loraGteioponh ysicists
Copiceasnb eh afdr o:m
Secretary,
AssociaEtxipolno roGafet oipohny sicists
CEGB uildOisnmga,nU inai veCrasmiptuys
Hydera-5ba00d00 7I,N DIA
.. Printaetd:
SUROORP RlWTlPNRGE SS
Lakdi-ka-pool,
Hydera-b5a0d0 0 04.
' ,
FORE\VORO
......,.
Oneo ft hem aino bjectoifvt ehseA ssociaotfiE oxnp loraGteioopnh ysiicsid sitsss emina­
tioonf G eophysliictaelr atTuhruesa.,s o neo fo urp rogrammetsh,eA EG hasb eeenn coura­
ginpgr eparaatnidop nu blicaotfit oenxb to okmso,n ograpelitsc c.o veridnigf feraesnpte ct?
ofG eophysiScos f.a rt,h eA EG hasp ublissheevde rbaolo ksa, l isotf whicihs g iven
att hee ndo ft hivso lumIen.a ddititohne, AEhGa sb eenr unnian gQ uarteJroluyr nal
(JAEGs)i,n cJeu ly1,9 80T.h eb ookass,w elals t heJ ournoaflt heA EG areb eing received
favourabbysl cyi entailsltosv er.
The bootkhsa tA EG publiasrheeo,sn advancteodp icisnG eophysics, foursa e ful
speciaalnidsa tl soon t opiocfsg enerianlt eruessetf fuolr a beginnienGr e ophysaincds
tos cientiinsa tlsl iseudb jecTthse.b ookesn tit"lLe.de ctounrE exsp loratGieoonp hysics
forG eologiasntdEs n gineearnsd"" Exploration G-eAonp Ohuytsliicnsb ee"l ontgo t he
seconcda tegoTrhye.y a rei ntendteod introdtuhcese u bjetcots tudenotfsG eophysics
asw elals t oh elnpo n-geophytsoig ceitas ctqsu ainwtietdth h ec apabilaintdil eism itations
oft hes cienocfeE xploraGteioopnh ysics.
Thep resevnotl umoen "Generaanld A ppliGeedo physihcasss" t ial lw idecra nvas.
As itsn amei mpliietsc ,o vernso to nltyh es ubjeucntdse trh eP hysiocfst heE artshu ch
asG eodesyS,e ismology, Geombaugtan lestEoix spml,o raGteioopnh ysbiacsse odn g ravity,
magnetiecl,e ctrisceails,m irca,d ioactainvdiw teyl olg-glintge chniqIunea sd.d ition to
thes olieda rtthh,e b ooka lso deals with soamtem oassppheaecnrtdehs y dorfo sphere.
Thea imo ft heb ooki st ob rintgo gethienar s ingle votlhueem lee,m enotfst hew ide
spectroufme artshc iencesi sta hnudus s eful tboe gtihnneie nrg si vian bgi rdesy ea ccount
oft he fundanmtealosfG eophysics.
Thea uthorPsr,o fessIo.rKs. KaAu.l:,< .Bhattaacnhd$a .rSyean guaprteas ,e nitoera chers
int hep restigIinoduisIa nns titoufTt eec hlnoogyK,h aragpTuhre.yp ossevsass etx perience
int eachibnogt hu nder-graadnudaP toes t-gradsutautdee notfGs e ophysaincdst hehya ve
toiltehde mselivnbe rsi nginga- cooumtp rehenascicvoeu onftv arioaussp ecotfsG eophysics
togethTehre.s tyloef t heb ooki si nformfaalc iliteaatsiyrn ega dinTgh.eA EG iss ure,
that btoheo kw oulbde r eceivfeadv ourabbylt yh eg eosciecnocmem uniitnyt hec ountry
anda broad.
We aret hankftuolt hea uthors fort hea AsEkGi tnogp ublitshheb ooka ndhe lpu s
ine nrichtihnegg e cphysliictaelra ture.
Hyderabad,
16.11.1990. °VLBSH IMASANK·A,R AM
PREFACE
Thep resevnotl umiesb aseodn l ectunroet easn dl aboraetxoerryc iosne s
GenerGaelo phyasnidcA sp pliGeepdoh ysciocusr soefsf erteosd t udeinnAt ps plied
Geology Eaxnpdl oratGieoonp hyastit chse U ndergraduataett hleIe nvdeila,n
Instiotfu teT echnology, AsKt heaarcahgweperuf s_e rlt.th atth erwea sa need
ofg ivienmgp hasains- aetas artgleyo nt hef ulslp ectorfuE ma rStchi enccoemsp iled
withinp atgheoesfa s ingle elbeomoekn.t ary
Frotmh ter eatmpernets einntt ehdbe o oiktm ayb en otetdh avta ricohuasp ters
fallwiintght ihnse c oopefd iffesrpeencti alihsaavbteei eocnno sn tribbyu ttede achers
engagiend teaacnhdri ensge airntc hhe riers pecftiievloedfi s n terest.
Thef irasutt hiostr h anktfout lh eU niverGsriatnyCt osm missNieownD ,e lhi,
withowuhto sfei nanscuipaploi rtwt o ulndo t havep osbseietbnol eb roiunttg h is
volumAeu.t rhsoa re also tgorM art.ePfruaClth aapt topafdohrhy iaseya rnest
effoirnht e lptionc go mpitlheiv so lumAeu.t hwoirlswl e lcotmoere ceicvoem ments
ands uggesftriooamnl scl o ncerpnaerdt icfurloatmrh loyfs oew rh omt hiissm eant.
IK..Kaul
A..KB hattacharya
and
SS.enGupta
DepartmoefGn eto log�y G eophysics,
IndiaInn stiotfuT teec hnology,
l<haragpu7r2 13 02,
India.
CONTENTS
PARTA
GENERAGLE OPHYSICS
Chapter
1-
1.1 SolaSry stem
1.2 Earthr'esv olutairoonu tnhde S un 3
6
1. 3 Earthr'ost atiaobno utth ea xis
1.4 Ti,annedC o-ordinoantt hees earstuhr'fsa ce 7
1.5 Orbiotft her otatienagr th 12
13
1. 6 Eartha'dsd itiomnoatli ons
15
1.7 PolaWra ndering
18
1.8
MeasureomfeT nitm e
18
1.9
TLnKee epers
19
1.1 0
Calnedar
Chapt2e r
2.1 GeodeasnydF iguorfet heE arth 21
2.2 GeodetSiucr veying 21
2.3 GeoidS,p heroainddE arthF'isg ure 23
2.4 Graviftiye ladn df iguorfet hee arth 29
30
2.5 Gravivtayr iatoinoe na rths'usr face
2.6 EartSha telliatnedEs a rthF'isg ure 32
2.7 Isostianst yh eE arthC'rsu st 33
2.8 IsostaEtqiuci libarnidCu o�m pensation 35
2.9 IsostaStyisct ems 36
Chapt3e r
3.1 41
EarthquaankdSe esi smology
41
3.2 ClassificoaftE iarotnh quakes
3.3 Earthqueapkiec entres 43.
3.4 EarthquWaakvee s 45
3.5 Wavpea tihn t heE arthi'nst erior 47
3.6 PrincipolfEe asr thquake Recording I4n8s truments
3.7 Determinoaftd ieopnt h foocfu s 53
56
3.8 Interpretoafet airotnh quRaekceo r(dsse ismograms)
3.9 Focal MecohfaE nairstmh quakes 58
3.1 0
IntensaintdMy a gnitoufde ea rthquake 60
3• 1 S1o liEda rtahn di tsI nterior 60
3.1 2 Elastwiacv vee locities 62
3.1 3
EarthI'nst erSntarlu cture 63
3.1 4 Densiitnyt hei nteriooftr n ee arth 65
3.1 5 Graviitnyt heI nteroifot rh eE arth 69
3.16 Pressuirnt eh eI nteroifot rh eE arth 70
3.1 7 ElastMiocd uilnit heE arth 71
3.1 8
Composiotfit ohne Earth 71
ii
71
3.1 9 Temperavtaurriea tiino nt he earth 74
3.20Heat sources 76
3.21Analyosfih se aftl odwa ta
78
3.22Temperaptruorfeei i lnt hei nteroifotr h ee arth
Chapt4e r
83
4.1 The Atmosphere
83
·4. 2 Constituoeftn hteas t mosphere 85
4.3 vertical storftu hceat tumroes phere 89
4.4 Somien teresattimnogs phpehreinco mena
95
4.5 Weather
108
4.6 Weathaenra lyasnidsf orecasting
110
4.7 Geomagneti.sm
110
4.8 Characteroifsg teiocmsa g�n feiteild
111
4.9 Variabiolfit thyeg eomagnfeiteilcd
113
4.10Reverosfat lh eg eomaigcnf eiteld
HG
4.11 Origoifnt· h eg eomagnetic field
5
Chapter
117
5.1 TheH ydrosphere
118
5.2 Theo ceabna sins
120
5.3 Propertoifse esaw ater
5.4 Oceacnu rrents 123
5.5 Oceawna ves 12·4
5.6 Oceafnl oosrp reading 1'26
5.7 Evolutoifot nh ee arth 130
5.8 Ageo ft hee arth 132
5.9 Origoifnt hes dlasry·s tem 133
PARTB
APPL lEGVE OPHSVI CS
Chapt1e r
1
1. AppliGeedo physics 141
Chapt2e r
2.1
Exploratteicohnn ibqauseesod n m agnestitcu dies1 45
2.3 Instrumfeonrmt asg nestuircv ey 146
2.4 Fielpdr ocedure 150
2.5 Interpretation 151
3
Chapter
3.1 Exploratteicohnn iqbuaesseo dng ravisttyu dies1 53
3.2 Instruments 153
3.3 Fielpdr ocedure
156
3.4 Correcttioog nrsa viotbys ervations
t56,-
3.5 Int$rpretation
158
3.6 Estimatoifto ont al mass
159
iii
4
Chapter
4.1 Exploratteicohnn iqbuaesseo dn e lectriacnadl
electromamgentehtoidcs 161
4.2
TheS elf-potemnettihaold 16 1
4.3 Instrumentation 162
4.4 FielPdr ocedure 162
4.5 Int erpre ta tion 162
4.6 Equipotential-line method 163
4.7 Instrumenatnadtf iioenlp dr ocedure 163
4.8 Resistimveitthyo d 163
4.9 Electraordrea ngements 165
4.1 0Inst-rtuamiteo nn 165
4 1•1 Fielpdr ocedure 166
4.1 2 Interpretation 167
4.13 Inducpeodl arizamteitohno d 167
4.14 Fielpdr ocedaunrdme e asurement 169
4.1 5 Instrumentation 170
4.16Telluric method 170
4.1 7 Fieladn di nterpretpartoicoend ure 170
4.1 8 MagnetotelalnudAr FiMcAm Ge thods 170
4.1 9 Exploratteicohnn iqbuaesseo dn e lectromagne1t7i1c
4.20Instrumentation methods 173
4.21Fielpdr ocedure 173
4.22
Deptohf p enetration 174
4.23 Interpretation 175
Chapt5e r
5.1 Exprlaotitoenc hniqbuaesseo·dn s eismsitcu dies1 77
5.2 General scsheeimsem fiiocef l odp erations 178
" 5.3 Seismfiice lsdu rveys 180
5.4 Correcttiooa nrsr ivtailm es 185
5.5 Shot-Detaercrtnaogre ments 187
5.6 Fi e_Plrdo cedure 188
5.7 Interpretation 189
Chapt6e r
6.1 Exlporatitoenc hniqueso nrb aadsieoda ctivit1y9 1
6.2 Instruments i92
6.3 Field procedure 193
6.4 Interpretation 194
Chapt7e r
Well-logging methods
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 Selpfo tent(iSa.lP l.o)g 198
7.3 Resistilvoigt y 199
7.4 Laterologs 199
iv
200
7.5 Inudctiloong
201
7.6 Microirsetsivliotgys
202
7.7 Radiatlioogns
203
7.8 Sonilcog s
Chapte8r
207
8.1 Airborne Geophysical Surveys
207
8.2 MarinGee ophysSiucravle ys
209,
8.3 Prospecftoirmn ign erals
PARTA
GENERALG EOPHYSICS
"