Gendered Agency in War and Peace : Gender Justice and Women's Activism in Post-Conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina PDF
Preview Gendered Agency in War and Peace : Gender Justice and Women's Activism in Post-Conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina
RETHINKING PEACE AND CONFLICT STUDIES Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond Gendered Agency in War and Peace Gender Justice and Women’s Activism in Post-Conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina Maria O’Reilly Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series editor Oliver P. Richmond University of Manchester Manchester, UK This agenda-setting series of research monographs, now more than a decade old, provides an interdisciplinary forum aimed at advancing inno- vative new agendas for approaches to, and understandings of, peace and conflict studies and International Relations. Many of the critical volumes the series has so far hosted have contributed to new avenues of analysis directly or indirectly related to the search for positive, emancipatory, and hybrid forms of peace. New perspectives on peacemaking in practice and in theory, their implications for the international peace architecture, and different conflict-affected regions around the world, remain crucial. This series’ contributions offers both theoretical and empirical insights into many of the world’s most intractable conflicts and any subsequent attempts to build a new and more sustainable peace, responsive to the needs and norms of those who are its subjects. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14500 Maria O’Reilly Gendered Agency in War and Peace Gender Justice and Women’s Activism in Post-Conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina Maria O’Reilly Queen Mary University of London London, United Kingdom Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies ISBN 978-1-352-00144-0 ISBN 978-1-352-00145-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00145-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955072 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu- tional affiliations. Cover illustration: Photo of Alija Kučukalić’s Monument to Female Fighter, created by Sanja Vrzić. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom Dedicated to all who are working in Bosnia to find, identify, and bury missed and missing loved ones; to achieve justice and redress for survivors of violence, in all its forms; to build just and durable forms of peace A cknowledgements The research and writing of this study would not have been possible with- out the help and encouragement of a number of people and organisations in both the UK and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), to whom I owe sin- cere thanks. This book started life as a PhD project, and I thank my supervisor, Vivienne Jabri, for her advice and encouragement, detailed feedback, and challenging questions over the years. The study also benefited sub- stantially from insights gained as a post-doctoral researcher on the “Gender of Justice” (GoJ) project. I thank my GoJ colleagues Kirsten Campbell, Elma Demir, Jasenka Ferizović, Admir Jugo, and Gorana Mlinarević for sharing insights and experiences of gender justice pro- cesses in BiH, and commenting on various draft chapters. Thanks also to others who have read and commented on various aspects of this project, including Claudia Aradau, Catherine Baker, Stefanie Kappler, Kimberly Hutchings, Laura McLeod, Jelena Obradovic-Wochnik, and Oliver Richmond. Any errors or omissions are of course my own. The book was finalised during my post- doctoral fellowship at Queen Mary, University of London, and I thank Kimberly Hutchings for her support during my fellowship. In Bosnia, I am deeply indebted to a number of people for extending friendship and advice throughout several stretches of fieldwork. I am espe- cially grateful to Mirela and Osman Hrnjić who provided a home away from home, and were a source of constant support and enthusiasm. Thanks also to teachers at Udruženje Lingvisti and Centre for Hispanic vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Studies (CEH), particularly to Sandra Zlotrg, for fabulous language classes and intercultural learning. I am also grateful to many friends in Sarajevo–– special thanks to Jasmin Ramović, Maja Šoštarić, Nejra Nuna Čengić, Judie Schultz, Juliet Walker, and Alma Bešlagić, for their hospitality, friendship, and numerous suggestions. This research could not have been undertaken without the support, enthusiasm, and expertise of a number of people. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Una Tokmacǐć for her friendship as well as the expert interpretation, translation, and research assistance she provided in the field. Without her support, enthusiasm, kindness, and generosity, I would never have been able to navigate my way through fieldwork, nor have had as much fun doing so. Thanks also to Sarah Quillinan for generously sharing advice and experiences, and to Aida Begić for her excellent interpretation in Sanski Most and elsewhere. I also thank Goran Bubalo (formerly at Catholic Relief Services) for his advice, knowledge, and numerous suggestions of people to contact; Saliha Đuderija and Alma Deverović-Ešpek at the BiH Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees for allowing me to attend several consultations; Lejla Mamut and Selma Korjenić from TRIAL for generously giving time, help, support, and advice regarding key issues in my research and numerous suggestions of people to contact; Maja Šoštarić for inviting me to a focus group on gender and transitional justice; the staff at the International Commission on Missing Persons for allowing me to attend a conference and a focus group on memorials in Sarajevo; the organisers of the Women’s Court for the Former Yugoslavia for enabling me to attend events related to the initiative; Srebrenica Memorial Center at Potocǎ ri for the opportu- nity to participate in their Summer Research University in July 2011; and Lejla Somun-Krupalija and Nejra Nuna Čengić for suggesting numerous organisations and activists to contact, as well as key texts written by femi- nist scholars from the region. Special thanks are also due to Emsuda Mujagić and the activists of Srcem do Mira (From Heart to Peace) for allowing me to stay at their House of Peace in Kozarac on several occa- sions in 2011 and 2012. Above all, I am extremely grateful to numerous activists in Bosnia who gave their time, shared their experiences, concerns and hopes, with gener- osity, despite their busy schedules and the frustrations involved in discus- sions that focus on “dealing with the past”. Without their willingness to share often painful yet inspiring stories, this research would not have been possible. I hope this book manages to convey in writing, at least in part, the strength, courage, and resilience they narrated in person. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S ix Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my partner Chris, and all our friends and family, for their love, support, and encouragement. This book is derived, in part, from an article published in the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding on 31 August 2016, available online at http://wwww.tandfonline.com/ [https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977. 2016.1199482] and from an article published in the International Journal of Feminist Politics on 10 December 2012, available online at http:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14616742.2012.726096 Funding This study was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ES/G013993/1), British Academy (“Gendered Agency in War and Peace” project), European Research Council (“Gender of Justice” project, grant number 313626) and Arts and Humanities Research Council (PaCCS: Inter-Disciplinary Research Innovation Award, grant number AH/N008480/1). c ontents 1 Introduction 1 2 Contextualising Gendered Agency in War and Peace: Gender Justice and Women’s Activism in Historical Perspective 35 3 Gender Justice in Transition: Gendered Agency in War and Peace 63 4 “The Triumph of Justice”? Examining Official Discourse on Transitional Justice 99 5 “Justice Does Not Come”: Gendered Agency and Activism Around Wartime Sexual Violence in BiH 139 6 “ I Cannot Extinguish Hope”: Gendered Agency and the Search for Missing Persons in BiH 179 7 C onclusion 211 xi
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