Table Of Content

GENDER VIOLENCE, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND ONLINE ENVIRONMENTS This book examines contexts, practices, and activism on issues of gender violence at the intersections of online and public spaces. Through individual case studies, the volume considers the interplay between the virtual worlds of online spaces including social media, physical spaces and bodies, and the ways in which ofine and online dimensions of experience can serve as motivators for, exten- sions of, or limitations to each other. Examining both problems and potential solutions, chapters explore the impacts of, and potential resistance to, the intersections of gender violence, social media, and our complex lived environments across national boundaries. Throughout the volume, close attention is paid to the difcult issues highlighted when prior conceptions of basic foundations such as public space, individual rights, and professional responsibility are confronted by new examples that further trouble the boundaries of long-held frameworks of legal, social, professional understanding, and even our comprehension of the “real.” Each chapter grapples with a difcult reality related to gender violence, underscores possible ways forward, and highlights limitations, resisting easy answers to complex and persistent questions about rights, personal integrity, and social responsibility. Ofering clear insights into a critical issue, this book will be of interest to scholars and students in the areas of media studies, social media, gender and women’s studies, sociology and criminology, digital humanities, and politics. Lisa M. Cuklanz, PhD, is a Professor of Communication at Boston College. She has published several books and many other publications in the areas of media studies and gender studies. Her research interests center on violence in media. Routledge Studies in Media, Communication, and Politics 8 Populist Disinformation in Fragmented Information Settings Understanding the Nature and Persuasiveness of Populist and Post-factual Communication Michael Hameleers 9 Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society Edited by Marta Pérez-Escolar, José Manuel Noguera-Vivo 10 White Supremacy and the American Media Edited By Sarah D. Nilsen, Sarah E. Turner 11 Tweeting Brexit Social Media and the Aftermath of the EU Referendum Maja Šimunjak 12 Knowledge Resistance in High-Choice Information Environments Edited By Jesper Strömbäck, Åsa Wikforss, Kathrin Glüer, Torun Lindholm, Henrik Oscarsson 13 A Media Framing Approach to Securitization Storytelling in Confict, Crisis and Threat Fred Vultee 14 Gender Violence, Social Media, and Online Environments When the Virtual Becomes Real Edited by Lisa M. Cuklanz https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies-in-Media-Communication- and-Politics/book-series/RSMCP GENDER VIOLENCE, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND ONLINE ENVIRONMENTS When the Virtual Becomes Real Edited by Lisa M. Cuklanz Cover image: © Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Lisa M. Cuklanz; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Lisa M. Cuklanz to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cuklanz, Lisa M., editor. Title: Gender violence, social media, and online environments : when the virtual becomes real / edited by Lisa M. Cuklanz. Description: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022035712 (print) | LCCN 2022035713 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032186450 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032197913 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003260851 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Women’s studies. | Women—Violence against. | Violence in mass media. | Women in mass media. | Social media and society. Classification: LCC HQ1180 .G4657 2023 (print) | LCC HQ1180 (ebook) | DDC 305.4—dc23/eng/20220812 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022035712 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022035713 ISBN: 978-1-032-18645-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-19791-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-26085-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003260851 Typeset in Bembo by codeMantra CONTENTS List of Contributors vii PART I Contexts 1 1 Introduction 3 Lisa M. Cuklanz 2 From Street to Screen: On the Right to Public Space in the Age of Algorithms 19 Claudia Alvares 3 Scrutinizing Sexual Persecution in Digital Communication Through the Field of Haptics 37 Soumen Mukherjee and Leslie Ramos Salazar PART II Practices 57 4 Female Corporealities of Blame & Invasion in Cases of Sexual & Sexist Cyberbullying in the Basque Region 59 Estibaliz Linares Bahillo, Maria Silvestre Cabrera and Raquel Royo Prieto vi Contents 5 Busting Trolls: Examining the Hate Campaign Against Actress Leslie Jones 76 Benjamin Brojakowski and Gabriel A. Cruz 6 Drivers Against the Machine: Reproductive Labor and Reproductive Justice in a Phantom Public 94 Kasturi Ray and Julietta Hua 7 “Suddenly We Were the Story:” Women Journalists, the #MeToo Movement, & Online Misogyny in India 113 Paromita Pain PART III Activism 131 8 #RhodesWar: Contesting Institutional Silencing in the Struggle Against Rape in Post-Apartheid South Africa 133 Gavaza Maluleke 9 Rectifying Gender Violence within Religious Communities through Hashtag Activism 152 Kristin M. Peterson 10 “You Can Start a Movement with a Hashtag”: An Exploration of Student-led Social Media Activism 170 Candace Parrish, Rowena Briones Winkler, Avina Ross, Tremayne Robertson and Alyssa Glace Maryn 11 Using Social Media Tools to Contribute to and Challenge Gendered Violence 192 Victoria Carty Index 209 CONTRIBUTORS Claudia Alvares, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Sociology Department, ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute and researcher at the Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology (CIES) in Portugal. She is elected member of the Acad- emy of Europe since 2020 and former president of ECREA (2012–2016). Her areas of expertise focus on Media and Gender Studies. Benjamin Brojakowski, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Communication and Mass Media Department at Angelo State University. He teaches a variety of undergraduate and graduate courses and conducts research related to sports communication, pop culture & computer-mediated communication. Victoria Carty, PhD, is a Professor of Sociology at Chapman University. She has written dozens of articles and two books on how new information technologies impact emerging social movements. She has also published three books on immi- gration on the southern border of the United States. Gabriel A. Cruz, PhD, Bowling Green State University, is an Assistant Professor of Media Studies at North Carolina Central University in Durham, NC. His research in critical media studies focuses on pop culture and white nationalism. His work has appeared in academic periodicals such as Howard Journal of Commu- nications; and the book Expression in Contested Public Spaces: Free Speech and Civic Engagement. Lisa M. Cuklanz, PhD, is a Professor of Communication at Boston College. She has published several books and many other publications in the areas of media studies and gender studies. Her research interests center on violence in media. viii Contributors Julietta Hua, PhD, is a Professor of Women and Gender Studies at San Fran- cisco State University in the United States. In addition to Spent Behind the Wheel (co-authored with Kasturi Ray), she is the author of Trafcking Women’s Human Rights (Minnesota 2011). She works on migration, labor, and race. Estibaliz Linares Bahillo, PhD, Faculty of Social & Human Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain served as a Basque Government predoctoral fellow from 2014 to 2017. She combines academic work, teaching, and coeducation work- shops. Her research focuses on adolescence, technologies, violence prevention, and coeducation. Alyssa Glace Maryn, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Associate at the University of Cal- gary in Canada. She researches sexual consent, masculinities, and gender-based violence prevention. She is also interested in the way that these topics are dis- cussed online on social media, such as among involuntary celibates or Incels. Gavaza Maluleke, PhD, is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. Her research interests are in digital activism, transnational feminisms, migration, gendered violence, masculinities, and media studies in Africa. Her current work focuses on digital activism and gendered violence in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Dr. Soumen Mukherjee, PhD, is presently an Associate Professor of English at a technological university in South India. His research interests are in subaltern literature, cultural readings, sexuality studies, and strategic communication. He is the recipient of the BESIG-IATEFL Scholarship in 2007, from IATEFL, Kent, UK for his pioneering research on Chronemics. Paromita Pain, PhD, has published research in refereed journals including Jour- nalism and Mass Communication Educator, Journalism Studies, Journalism Practice, Media Asia and Feminist Media Studies. As an Assistant Professor of Global Media Studies at the Reynolds School of Journalism, University of Nevada, Reno in the United States, she explores emerging newsroom practices and concerns in a global context. Candace Parrish, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Public Relations at Penn- sylvania State University. Candace spearheaded the development of the frst VR-enhanced SCPR Online Master’s Program at Sacred Heart University. She has gained national & international recognition for her research regarding visuals used in public relations and health communication. Kristin M. Peterson, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Communication Department at Boston College in the United States. Her research focuses on Contributors ix religious expression in digital media, and she is the author of Unruly Souls: The Digital Activism of Muslim and Christian Feminists (Rutgers University Press, 2022). Raquel Royo Prieto, PhD, Humanities & Social Sciences Faculty, Univ. of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain is Director of the Master in Intervention in Violence against Women. She teaches courses in the felds of gender studies, sociology, psychol- ogy, and community social work and is the author of numerous publications. Leslie Ramos Salazar, PhD, is Associate and Abdullat Professor at the Paul and Virginia College of Business at West Texas A&M University specializing in interpersonal health communication. She edited the Handbook of Research on Cyberbullying and Online Harassment in the Workplace and is the editor-in-chief of Sage Business Communication Foundations. Kasturi Ray, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Women and Gender Studies at San Francisco State University in the United States. She writes on issues of gender and labor. Her most recent publication, coauthored with Julietta Hua, is Spent Behind the Wheel: Drivers’ Labor in the Uber Economy (Minnesota 2021). Tremayne Robertson, PhD candidate at Syracuse University, is Director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at the Massey Cancer Center at Virginia Com- monwealth University. He has previously served as dean of students at the Uni- versity of Virginia. Avina Ross, PhD, has served as the frst sexual assault prevention specialist at Mary Washington University, and as Associate Director of the Sexual Harass- ment, Assault Advising, Resources and Education (SHARE) ofce at Princeton University. Maria Silvestre Cabrera, PhD, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Univer- sity of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain, has been Dean of the Faculty of CCPP & Soci- ology, and Director of the Master in Intervention in Violence against Women. Her research interests and publications focus on political-social values and gender perspectives in the social sciences. Rowena Briones Winkler, PhD, is a women’s authenticity coach, marketing professional, higher education consultant, and instructor who develops and teaches courses in strategic communication and writing.