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Gender transformations PDF

256 Pages·1997·5.147 MB·English
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GENDER TRANSFORMATIONS In this lucid and subtle investigation of the economic, political and cultural condition of women in contemporary society, Sylvia Walby, one of the world’s leading authorities on the sociology of gender, shows how undoubted increases in opportunity for women in Europe and America have been accompanied by new forms of inequality. She charts changes in women’s employment, education and political representation and the complex relations between gender, class and ethnicity, between local conditions and global pressures which together determine the place of women both in the labour market and in the wider social, political and economic world of today. Individual chapters look at the phenomenon of flexible work and its influence on the total labour market, at gender politics and social theory, at the gendering of citizenship and nationhood and gender in the context of European integration. The eagerly awaited successor to Walby’s classic, Theorising Patriarchy, Gender Transformations will be essential reading for anyone with an interest in how questions of gender remake and are remade by the social and economic conditions in which they occur. Sylvia Walby is Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds and the author of Theorising Patriarchy (1990) and Patriarchy at Work (1986). INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF SOCIOLOGY Founded by Karl Mannheim Editor: John Urry Lancaster University GENDER TRANSFORMATIONS Sylvia Walby London and New York First published 1997 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1997 Sylvia Walby Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Walby, Sylvia. Gender transformations\Sylvia Walby. p. cm.— (International library of Sociology) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Women-Social conditions. 2. Women-Economic conditions. 3. Women-Employment. 4. Sex discrimination against Women. I. Tittle. II. Series. HQ1206.W2 1997 305.42–dc21 96–46222 CIP ISBN 0-203-43115-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-73939-6 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-12080-2 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-12081-0 (pbk) CONTENTS List of figures vi List of tables vii Acknowledgements ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 RECENT CHANGES IN GENDER RELATIONS IN 21 EMPLOYMENT 3 FLEXIBILITY AND THE CHANGING SEXUAL DIVISION 63 OF LABOUR 4 LOCALITIES AND GENDER RESTRUCTURING 77 5 SEX SEGREGATION IN LOCAL LABOUR MARKETS 97 6 LABOUR MARKETS AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 117 IN WOMEN’S WORKING LIVES 7 GENDER POLITICS AND SOCIAL THEORY 133 8 ‘BACKLASH’ TO FEMINISM 151 9 IS CITIZENSHIP GENDERED? 161 10 WOMAN AND NATION 175 11 GENDER AND EUROPEAN UNION INTEGRATION: 191 TOWARDS A POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GENDER APPENDIX: Labour markets with female majorities in 207 employees in employment, 1991 Bibliography 211 Index 233 FIGURES 2.1 Increases in women’s economic activity rates, 1851–1991 27 4.1 Women as percentage of all employees for 1971 and 1981 83 4.2 Location quotients of grouped socio-economic groups for women in 88 the five localities for 1971 and 1981 5.1 Percentage of men in socio-economic groups comprising 70 per cent 110 or more men 5.2 Percentage of men in socio-economic groups comprising 90 per cent 111 or more men 5.3 Percentage of women in socio-economic groups comprising 70 per 111 cent or more women 5.4 Percentage of men in minimum list headings comprising 70 per cent 112 or more men 5.5 Percentage of men in minimum list headings comprising 90 per cent 112 or more men 5.6 Percentage of women in minimum list headings comprising 70 per 113 cent or more women TABLES 2.1 Employees in employment, 1959–95 26 2.2 Women’s economic activity rates, 1851–1991 28 2.3 Economic activity of men, by age, 1975–94 29 2.4 Women’s and men’s hourly earnings (full-time only), 1970–95 30 2.5 Employees in employment, 1971–95 30 2.6 Hourly earnings of full-time men and full-time and part-time 31 women 2.7 Socio-economic group by sex, 1975–94 33 2.8 Occupational orders for women and men, 1981–91 34 2.9 Gender changes in occupational orders, 1981–91 36 2.10 Education and employment: women, 1994 41 2.11 School qualifications by sex, 1993–94 42 2.12 A levels by sex, 1985–94 42 2.13 Participation rates in further education by sex and age, 1980/1– 43 1994/5 2.14 Higher education enrolments, 1993–94, home students 44 2.15 Higher education full-time enrolment, 1975–95 44 2.16 Highest selected qualifications by age and sex 45 2.17 GCSE/SCE (S grade) attempts and achievements in schools, by 46 sex, 1993–94 2.18 Higher education selected subjects by sex, home students, 1993–94 47 2.19 Economic activity of women of working age, 1973–94, by age of 49 youngest dependent child 2.20 Domestic production goods, 1979–94 50 2.21 Working women b y marital status and presence of children, 1977– 52 94 2.22 Economic activity of women, 1975, 1985, 1994 54 2.23 Gender composition of selected occupations of employees in 56 employment, 1991 2.24 Percentage of women employees who work part-time, by age, 1991 57 2.25 Economic activity by socio-economic group, 1992–94 58 2.26 Economic activity by ethnic group, 1993 59 3.1 Employment trends, 1959–95 64 3.2 Rates of female economic activity, part-time working and gender 74 unemployment ratios in the European Union viii 4.1 Change in employment by sector, sex, and women’s part-time 83 employment for all localities and Britain, 1971–81 4.2 Employment for five localities and Britain, 1971 and 1981, by sex 85 and by women’s part-time employment 4.3 The composition of employment by sector, sex, and women’s part- 92 time employment 4.4 Changes in employment at order level by sex and congruency 93 5.1 Horizontal segregation by sex, 1971, 1981, five localities and 101 Britain 5.2 Socio-economic groups by sex, five localities and Britain, changes 105 1971–81 5.3 Grouped socio-economic groups by sex, changes 1971–81 107 5.4 Vertical segregation by sex, 1971 and 1981, five localities and 109 Britain 6.1 Job movement by sector for Lancaster women 126 6.2 Sectoral change of re-entrants compared to job-to-job changes 127 6.3 Full-time to part-time changes 128 6.4 Occupational changes for those moving from production to service 129 industries ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many individuals who have contributed to the development of my ideas over the time that this research was conducted, and especially: Paul Bagguley, June Greenwell, Joni Lovenduski, Celia Lury, Clare Short, John Urry, Gail Wilson. The research reported in Chapters 4 and 5 was conducted as part of the Lancaster Locality Study (Grant Number DO4250010) funded under the Economic and Social Research Council’s initiative, ‘The Changing Urban and Regional System in the UK’. The original versions of these chapters were co-written with Paul Bagguley, for whose thoughtful contributions, as well as permission to publish, I am grateful. Data from the Census of Employment for 1971 and 1981, and from the Census of Population for 1981 was computed from the Manpower Services Commission’s National Online Manpower Information Service (NOMIS), programmed and developed in the Department of Geography, University of Durham, by R.Nelson and P.Dodds. I would like to thank D.Shapiro, J.Urry and A.Warde for their comments on earlier versions of these papers. Earlier versions of some papers have previously been published. I am grateful for permission to publish revised versions of these papers: (1988) ‘Gender politics and social theory’, Sociology, 22(2): 215–32; (1989) ‘The changing sexual division of labour and flexibility’, in Stephen Wood (ed.) The Transformation of Work? Skill Flexibility and the Labour Process (Unwin Hy man); (1989) ‘Gender restructuring: five labour markets compared’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space (Pion Ltd, London); (1990) ‘Sex segregation in local labour markets’, Work Employment and Society, 4(1): 59–82; (1991) ‘Labour markets and industrial structures in women’s working lives’, in Shirley Dex (ed.) Life and Work History Analyses: Qualitative and Quantitative Developments, Sociological Review Monograph 37 (Routledge); (1992) ‘Woman and nation’, in International Journal of Comparative Sociology XXXIII (1–2), January–April: 81–100;

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