gender roles, socialization, and hierarchy in an allied health profession PDF
Preview gender roles, socialization, and hierarchy in an allied health profession
GENDER ROLES,SOCIALIZATION,ANDHIERARCHY IN ANALLIEDHEALTH PROFESSION: RADIOGRAPHYSTUDENTS’ CONSTRUCTS OFSELFANDTHE PROFESSION By Lisa F.Schmidt _____________________ ADissertationSubmittedtotheFacultyofthe CENTER FOR THESTUDYOFHIGHER EDUCATION InPartial Fulfillment oftheRequirements Forthe Degreeof DOCTORATEOFPHILOSOPHY Inthe GraduateCollege TheUniversityofArizona 2006 THEUNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATECOLLEGE As members oftheDissertationCommittee,wecertifythat wehavereadthe dissertation preparedbyLisaSchmidt entitled: GENDER ROLES,SOCIALIZATION, ANDHIERARCHY IN AN ALLIEDHEALTHPROFESSION: RADIOGRAPHYSTUDENTS CONSTRUCTS OFSELFANDTHEPROFESSION andrecommendthat it beaccepted as fulfillingthe dissertationrequirement for the DegreeofDoctorateofPhilosophy Date: April 24,2006 _______________________________________________________________________ Dr.GaryRhoades Date: April 24,2006 _______________________________________________________________________ Dr.SheilaSlaughter Date: April 24,2006 _______________________________________________________________________ Dr.JenniferCroissant Final approval andacceptanceofthis dissertation is contingent uponthe candidate’s submissionofthefinal copies ofthedissertationtotheGraduate College. Iherebycertifythat Ihavereadthis dissertationpreparedundermydirectionand recommendthat it beacceptedas fulfillingthedissertationrequirement. ________________________________________________Date: April 24,2006 Dissertation Director: Dr.GaryRhoades STATEMENTBY AUTHOR This dissertationhas beensubmittedinpartial fulfillment ofrequirements foran advanceddegreeat the Universityof Arizonaand is depositedintheUniversityLibrary tobemadeavailabletoborrowers underrules ofthelibrary. Briefquotations from this dissertationareallowablewithout special permission, providedthat accurate acknowledgement ofsourceis made. Requests for permissionfor extendedquotationfrom orreproductionofthis manuscript inwholeorin part maybe grantedbytheheadofthemajordepartment oftheDeanoftheGraduateCollege whenin his orherjudgment theproposeduseofthematerial is intheinterests ofscholarship. In all otherinstances,however,permissionmust beobtainedfrom theauthor. SIGNED: LisaF.Schmidt ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There aresomanyto acknowledgeandthank for givingmesupport through this longprocess. Iam grateful toall whohavebeenthereforme,offeringwords of encouragement andneverlosingfaithinmyability, whenperhaps Ithought Iwould. First andforemost, IthankDr.GaryRhoades; atruementorand wonderful professorto his students,where IwouldsendDr.Rhoades franticemails,andfindapositiveresponse waitingformeuponreturn. Dr.Rhoades didnot losehopeinme,andthat fact alone, I believe,kept meontrack. IalsothankDr.Jennifer Croissant andDr.Sheila Slaughter for theirpatience andvaluableinsight towards mystudy. Iwishtothankmylovingfamily,mymother and father,Karen and Leslie, who understoodwhentokeep things calm sothat Icouldfinish,all thewhilecheckinginon metomakecertainthat Iwas surviving. Ithankmygraduatecollege “support group”ofCindyArcherd,MaryLienhous, andSharonDeckert, for allowingmetosharemyideas as theywerespread across the pages. Ithankmywonderful friends,inparticular myclosest,dearest friend Claudia Nelson,whoduringtimes ofstress,wouldmake melaugh andhelpme carryon,Crystal Weathers,NancyLewis andBeth Bolwerk,who helpedmetremendouslythroughout this process. Ialsosendthis acknowledgement toall ofmydearfriends who arespread throughout thecountry,suchsupportivepeople,nomatterthedistance. Ithank from thedeepest recesses ofmyheart ElianaDeza,whosharedin my visiontoaccomplishthisstudy,nomatterwhat obstacles wereplacedinmypathor hers. IthankthetwoProgram Directors who Iconsider mycolleagues,for allowingme tointerviewtheirstudents,and Ithankthestudents whovolunteeredtheirtimewith cheerful energy, Ilearnedmuchfrom all ofthose whoparticipated.Thank youtoall,and Iconsidermyself fortunate,as Icouldnot haveachieved this enormous undertaking alone. And of course, I cannot forget to acknowledge “Mr. Mittens” and “Pepi,” my “best friends,” who kept me companyduringthe longhours and ensured that the pages of this dissertationweresecureand“warmed,”althoughhidden from myview. †Dedicatedtothememoryofmydearfriend Michael StephenAcosta, andtomymentor andfriend,ProfessorDanGiaquinto. 5 TABLEOFCONTENTS Page LISTOFTABLES………………...……………………………………………… 8 LISTOF FIGURES………………………………………………………………. 9 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. 10 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………. 11 Statement oftheProblem………………………………………………... 11 PurposeoftheStudy…………………………………………………….. 24 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………….. 25 Research Questions……………………………………………………… 32 Definitions……………………………………………………………….. 33 Limitations………………………………………………………………. 35 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OFTHE LITERATURE……………………………….. 30 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 39 CollegeDegreeAttainment and Employment Trends…………………... 39 CommunityCollegeStudents –Demographics……………………….… 42 LiteratureonAlliedHealthPrograms………………………………….... 46 Historical Studies oftheRadiographyProfession………...…………...… 49 Current Literatureonthe RadiographyProfession……………………… 56 Gender, LaborandSex Segregation……………...……………………… 64 Maleand FemaleStudent ChoiceofSubject and Major……………….. 75 Summary………………………………………………………………… 83 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY………………………………………………... 88 Design…………………………………………………………………… 88 ChoiceofColleges………………………………………………... 90 ChoiceofSubjects……………………………………………...… 93 SamplingandDataGathering…………………………………………… 95 Subjects…………………………………………………………… 95 TimeSequence– Interviews……………………………………… 96 Interviews………………………………………………………………... 99 DataProduction………………………………………………………….. 101 DataAnalysis……………………………………………………………. 103 Background Information………………………………..………… 103 6 TABLEOFCONTENTS –continued Page Interviews………………………………………………...…….…. 104 DataPresentationand Interpretation…………………………………….. 108 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS………………………………………………………… 109 TheBCC SecondYear andFirst YearStudents....…………………….... 109 IntroductionandDemographics………………………………..…. 109 Findings - BCC Second YearStudents………………………………….. 113 Introduction…………………………………………..…………… 113 Employment Abilityand UpwardMobility………………………. 114 Patient CareSkills and Nursing…………………………………... 119 ChangingTechnology–theBenefits andpitfalls………………… 136 Thepressuretoperform…………………………………………... 145 TheFuture,Professionalism andtheHierarchical Structure Revealed………………………………………………………….. 154 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 173 Findings - BCC First YearStudents……………………………………... 173 Introduction…………………………………………………..…… 173 Employment Abilityand UpwardMobility………………………. 174 Patient CareSkills and Nursing…………………………………... 178 ChangingTechnology–theBenefits andPitfalls………………… 194 ThePressuretoPerform…………………………………………... 202 TheFuture,Professionalism andtheHierarchical Structure Revealed…………………………………………………………... 202 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 223 CHAPTER 5: FINDINGS………………………………………………………… 225 The ICC SecondYearandFirst YearStudents…..……………………..... 225 IntroductionandDemographics …………………..……………… 225 Findings - ICC SecondYearStudents…………………………………… 227 Employment Abilityand UpwardMobility………. 227 Patient CareSkills and Nursing…………………………………... 231 ChangingTechnology–theBenefits andPitfalls………………… 244 ThePressuretoPerform…………………………………………... 251 TheFuture,Professionalism andtheHierarchical Structure Revealed…………………………………………………….…….. 255 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 275 Findings - ICC First YearStudents……………………………………… 277 7 TABLEOFCONTENTS –continued Page Introduction……………………………………………………..… 277 Employment Abilityand UpwardMobility………………………. 277 Patient CareSkills and Nursing…………………………………... 281 ChangingTechnology–theBenefits andPitfalls………………… 287 ThePressuretoPerform…………………………………………... 291 TheFuture,Professionalism andtheHierarchical Structure Revealed…………………………………………………………... 295 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 304 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………. 306 Introduction……………………………………………………………… 306 Research Questions……………………………………………………… 306 Theoretical Implications…………………………………………………. 349 Recommendations for FutureResearch…………………………………. 354 Recommendations forEducators………………………………………... 357 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….. 358 360 APPENDIXA: DATACOLLECTION INSTRUMENT- INTERVIEW QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………... 361 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. 363 8 LISTOFTABLES Tables Page Table1 IPEDS Dataset –Associatedegrees conferredinRadiographyPrograms 16 Table2Genderof First TimeExaminees –ARRTExam 1995-2005……………. 22 Table3DemographicdataPerStudent Cohort (Sample)…..……...……………... 104 Table4Demographicdata–BCC second yearstudents…………………………. 111 Table5Demographicdata–BCC first yearstudents………….…………………. 112 Table6Demographicdata– ICC second yearstudents………………………….. 225 Table7Demographicdata– ICC first yearstudents……………………………... 226 9 LISTOF FIGURES Figures Page Figure1 IPEDS Completions data,nursingand radiography1999-00…………… 23 10 ABSTRACT Diagnosticmedical imaginghas typicallybeena feminizedprofessionfor decades,however,sincetheearly1990’s,has increasinglyattractedmore menintothe field,wherenow,the gendermakeup fordiagnosticimagingis nearparity. Medical imagingis adynamic fieldcomprised ofeverevolvingtechnologyandsub-imaging fields,referredtoas imagingmodalities,includingcomputedtomography, magnetic resonanceimaging,mammography, cardiovascularimaging,and nuclearmedicine,to nameafew. Diagnosticimagingis nowdescribed as wherethenew “hot”jobs are located,and entranceintothefieldhas continued togrowbymorethan11 percent each year. This studyis designed, throughtheinterviewingof39menand womenfrom two radiographyprograms located geographically50 miles from oneanother,toexplorethe interest ofmenenteringa feminizedfieldcharacterizedas a“hightouch”profession,with occupational characteristics that consist ofabroad mix ofpatient care/technologyskills. Whilethereis focus on menenteringimaging,explorationoftheinterests ofwomen enteringthis highlytechnical andphysicallychallengingprofessionis alargepart ofthis study, as radiographyis feminized yet does not holdnecessarilytheoccupational characteristics consistent withthat offeminizedfields. Additionally,this studyis designedtodeterminewhat maleand femaleperspectives areoftheprofession,as medical imaginghas beencharacterizedas consistingof“subordinates” whoworkunder nurses,doctors and radiologists, occupational characteristics that donot typicallyattract men.
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