GENDER IN THE PLANNING PROCESS VICKY ARNOLD A Discourse submitted to the ...

122 Pages·2016·3.66 MB·English

GENDER IN THE PLANNING PROCESS
by
VICKY ARNOLD
A Discourse submitted to the Department of 'Iown and Regional Planning, Faculty of
Architecture, University of the Witwatbl'srand, Johannesburg, inPartial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science inDevelopment Planning.
October 1994
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
Acknowledgements vi
Abbreviations used vii
Appendix: A 100
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1. General Statement 1
2 Objectives and Methods 3
2 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE TmRD WORLD 5
1 Introduction 5
2 Women or Gender 5
3 The Household 7
4 The Triple Role of Women 12
4.1 Reproductive Work 13
4.2 Community Management 14
4.3 Productive Work 15
5 Strategic Gender Needs and Practical Gender Needs 16
5.1 Women's Interests and Gender Interest 17
5.2 Practical and Strategic Gender Needs 17
6 Conclusion 18
ill
3 GENDER, DEVELOPMENT APPROACHESANDPLANNING 19
1 Introduction 19
2 Development Approaches and Gender 19
3 Welfu.reApproach 21
4 Equity Approach 22
5 Anti-Poverty Approach 23
6 Efficiency Approach 24
7 Empowerment 25
8 Gender andPlanning 27
8.1 Gender, Planning and Planners 27
8.2 (3ender, Plarmiug and Analysis 28
8.3 Gender, Planning and Participation 30
9 Conclusion 30
4 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Philosophical Base 32
3 Planning Processes 35
4 Why Participation 45
5 How Participation 48
6 Whose Participation 49
7 Conclusion 51
5 CASE STUDY:COMI\1IJNITYPARTICIPATION IN WINTERVELD
1 Introduction 52
2 Background 52
iv
2.1 Location, Size and Layout of Wmterveld 52
2.2 Role and Future Role of Wmterveld ~56
2.3 Life inWmterveld ;;i6
3 A History of Community l>lrtic7...a.tion in Winterveld 60
I
3.1 A 'Durnping Ground' 60
3.2 Severeoppression under the Bophuthatswana Government 61
3.3 'Top-Down' Planning 62
3.4 Evolving Community Participation 63
4 Community Participation and Women 66
4.1 Methodology 66
4.2 Background 68
4.3 Household 69
4.4 Women's Roles 72
4.5 Important Issues 74
4.6 Present Participation 75
•
4.7 Present Constraints to Participation 78
4.8 Potential for Participation 80
5 Conclusion 81
6 A GENDERED PARTICIPATORYPLANNING APPROACH 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Why Gendered Participation 87
3 How to do Gendered Participation 89
4 Whose Gendered Participation 91
5 When to do Gendered Participation 92
5.1 A. GenderedParticipatory PlanningProcess 92
5.1.1 Modifications to Turner'sParticipatory Planning Process 94
5.1.2 Community: Women and Men ;) 95
5.1.3 Planner 96 ii
\~\
5.1A Facilitator 97
5.1.5 Conclusion 98
6 Conclusion 98
" 0
101
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ACKNOWLEDGElVIEN'IS
Many people have been of assistance in compiling this discourse, but a special thanks go
to the following:
My supervisor, Prof. John Muller, has provided sound advice and encouragement.
Without his assistance this work would have been a great deal poorer.
c
Julie Clarke'S enthusiasm and willingness.to help and Rob Thylot's assistance are much
appreciated.
I have tv.~ more personal debts: the first to my father and mother, Brian and Jean Arnold,
for their love and support. The second is to my husband, Gary, for his patience, support,
encouragement, and for never ceasing to believe inme.
Financial assistance from the University of the Witwaremrand in the form of a Senior
Bursary is gratefully acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are
my own and are not to be attributed to anyone who ha::.~~sistedduring the writing of this
discourse.
Johannesburg
October 1994
vii
ABBREVIATIONS USED.
o
A.N.C. " African National Conference
A.P.A. American Planning Association
ti "- .''' - \\
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D.A.W.N" Development Alternatives with Vvomen for a New Era
'...•.." ,.--0
D.B.S.A.. Devel('Qment Bank of Southern Africa
\~::~ - - - -', - - - - -- -','d
R.D.P. Reconstruction and Development Programme
W.D.A. Wuiterveld Development Association
Q
W.D.T.' Winterveld Development Trust
W.I.P. Work in Progress
(::;~d:;
W.N~C. Women's National Coalition
Z.A.R.D. Zambia's Association for Research and Development Workshop
1
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
L GENERAL STATEMENT
often ..•discriminates against or 'misses' women, while even correctly
formulated policy too often fails to get translated into practise (Moser
1993:vi).
While conventional development approaches have failed:to consider gender, attempts to
integrate women into developmetxt have frequently been misguided (Baylies and Bujra
1993:4). These have included the Welfare, Equity, Anti-poverty and Efficiency
approaches (Moser 1993). These approaches 'miss' or discriminate against women for
a number of reasons, including a limited view of women, failing to,take into account the
triple role of women, failure to..consider the structure and dynamics of households and the
difference between strategic and practical gender needs.
Inmost cases development hasincreased rather than lessened the burden borne by women.
The process of development in the Third World has, by and large,
marginalised women and deprived them of their control over resources and
For the purposes of this discourse, 'development' is defined as 'improving the quality of life of the
individual'. Development is based on three core values:
a) life sustenance - the ability to provide basic necessities;
b) self-esteem;
c) freedom from servitude - to be able to choose (Todara 1977:96).
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authority "tithin thehouisehold, without lightening the heavy burden of their
'traditionatdqties' (Afshar 1991:1).
o
Ostergaard. goes even further. 'She maintains that development-has:
~.depriv~~ poorer women of revenue based on subsistence production;
c.» :, .,,-' "
~resulted. Ina Ioss·ofcustomary rights often in regard to land;
""- lead tei/loss of autonomy;
-.,r@sulted in the appropriation of women's labour and' the profits and the
appropriation of their children's labour;
...r.esulted inmale orientated development projects and employment opportunities
(1991:3,163);
r.t;'hereality of development projects is that 'the advantages of development go to the men
in the form of increased earnings. or labour-saving techniques and the disadvantages go
to the womefl in the form of an increased and unremunerated workload' (Ostergaard
1992:1;~~ Elson prefers to describe the disadvantages women fa~e as 'male bias'. Not
i; '':,
~<'
only do women suffer because of it, but it is also.detrimental to society as a whole
because of the 'Workwomen do (Elson 1991:6).
Women indeveloping countries playa crucial role in almost every economic and social
sphere of life. Tldir contributions are vital for the well being of their families,
communities and nations, as they tend to spend a greater proportion of their resources on
children than men do. In this way women contribute to improving the quality of life of
future generations (Ostergaard 1992:139; Elson 1991:11).
All these contributions wP'ch women make are seldom recognised, however, even though
they are often made under very trying circumstances.
As a group women have access to much fewer resources than men, They
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put intwo thirds of the total number of working hours, they are registered
as constituting O1'\ethird of the .total Iabour force and receive one tenth of
thetotal remuneration. They own only one percent of the world's material
goods and their rights to ownership is often far less than those of men
(Ostergaard 1992:4).
"'1 •
The lack of gender-aware information and planning is the central reason why women have
u \.'
so often been disadvantaged by development (Oestergaard 1992:xlli). For development
to:wsitively effect the lives ofThlrd World women itis essential that gender is taken into
account jn the planning process.
If planning is to succeed ithas to be gender-aware. Ithas to develop the
capacity to differentiate ...on the basis of gender (Moser 1989:1802).
2. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS
The primary objective of this discourse is to consider how gender can be incorporated into
the planning process. Inan attempt to examine this I aim to:
i) show that development planning has failed to take cognisance of gender;
ii) argue that the participation of women in development decision-making is
essential;
ill) review community participation and the consideration given to gender;
lv) linktheory to practise through an examination of community participation and
the participation of women in the decision-making processes inWinterveld;
v) develop a gendered participatory planning process.