Table Of Content

Gender in Cross- Cultural Perspective This carefully crafted volume introduces anthropological approaches to and perspectives on gender. It combines theoretically and ethnographically based essays in order to examine gender roles and ideology around the world. Divided thematically into 11 sections, the editors open each section with a succinct introduction to the principal issues. The articles themselves, both classic and contemporary, are drawn from all fi elds of anthropology and cover a wide variety of cultures. The seventh edition contains 11 new entries that refl ect more recent developments in the discipline, including topics such as gender identity, trans- nationalism and female genital cutting. Additional features to support teaching and learn- ing that are new to this edition include a fi lm list and discussion questions at the end of each entry. This is an essential resource for students encountering the anthropology of gender for the fi rst time. Caroline B. Brettell is University Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Ruth Collins Altshuler Director of the Dedman College Interdisciplinary Institute at Southern Methodist University, USA . Carolyn F. Sargent is Professor of Anthropology and Professor of Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St. Louis , USA. Gender in Cross- Cultural Perspective Seventh Edition Edited by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent Seventh edition published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Prentice Hall 1993 Sixth edition published by Pearson 2013; Routledge 2015 British Library C ataloguing-i n-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress C ataloging-i n-Publication Data Names: Brettell, Caroline, editor. | Sargent, Carolyn F., 1947–, editor. Title: Gender in cross-cultural perspective / edited by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. Description: Seventh Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Previous edition: 2015. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016050172 | ISBN 9780415783866 (Hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138216648 (Paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Sex role—Cross-cultural studies. Classification: LCC GN479.65 .G4634 2017 | DDC 305.3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016050172 ISBN: 978- 0- 415- 78386-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 21664-8 (pbk) Typeset in Goudy by Apex CoVantage, LLC For Richard Brettell and David Freidel, men who have given new meaning to the gendered division of labor, with gratitude for the intellectual and emotional support that they have provided for many years. Contents Preface xii Acknowledgments xiv About the editors xv Notes on authors xvii PART 1 Biology, gender, and human evolution 1 1 Animal models and gender 9 MARLENE ZUK 2 Lifeboat ethics: mother love and child death in Northeast Brazil 19 NANCY SCHEPER- HUGHES 3 The cultural nexus of Aka f ather-i nfant bonding 27 BARRY S. HEWLETT 4 Difference matters: understanding and embodying gender identities at an urban public high school in the United States 40 ANITA CHIKKATUR PART 2 Gender and prehistory 53 5 The past is a foreign country: archaeology of sex and gender 59 ROSEMARY A. JOYCE 6 The fashioning of women 68 J. M. ADOVASIO, OLGA SOFFER, AND JAKE PAGE 7 Inca gender relations, from household to empire 81 R. ALAN COVEY viii Contents PART 3 Domestic worlds and public worlds 91 8 The domestic sphere of women and the public world of men: the strengths and limitations of an anthropological dichotomy 97 LOUISE LAMPHERE 9 From “private” affairs to “public” scandals: the modern woman’s challenge to husbands’ infi delities in Uganda 109 SHANTI PARIKH 10 Downsizing masculinity: gender, family and fatherhood in post- industrial America 122 CHAD BROUGHTON AND TOM WALTON 11 Marriage, modernity, and migration: changing dynamics of intimacy in a Mexican transnational community 139 JENNIFER S. HIRSCH PART 4 Equality and inequality: the sexual division of labor and gender stratification 153 12 Woman the hunter: the Agta 159 AGNES ESTIOKO- GRIFFIN AND P. BION GRIFFIN 13 Gender, horticulture, and the division of labor on Vanatinai 170 MARIA LEPOWSKY 14 Ethnographic empathy and the social context of rights: “rescuing” Maasai girls from early marriage 182 CAROLINE S. ARCHAMBAULT 15 Gender, business, and space control: Yoruba market women and power 200 TOYIN FALOLA PART 5 The cultural construction of gender and personhood 215 16 My encounter with machismo in Spain 221 DAVID D. GILMORE Contents ix 17 Rituals of manhood: male initiation in Papua New Guinea 239 GILBERT H. HERDT 18 Surgical transformations in the pursuit of gender 244 LAUREN E. GULBAS 19 “Now I gotta watch what I say”: shifting constructions of masculinity in discourse 254 SCOTT F. KIESLING 20 “One of the guys”: military women, paradoxical individuality, and the transformations of the Argentine Army 271 MÁXIMÓ BADARÓ PART 6 Culture, sexuality, and the body 291 21 Is there a Muslim sexuality? Changing constructions of sexuality in Egyptian Bedouin weddings 299 LILA ABU- LUGHOD 22 From pollution to love magic: the new anthropology of menstruation 310 ALMA GOTTLIEB 23 Hijras: an “alternative” sex/gender in India 323 GAYATRI REDDY AND SERENA NANDA PART 7 Gender and the state 333 24 Japanese mothers and obento¯s: the lunch-b ox as ideological state apparatus 339 ANNE ALLISON 25 “Single women are bitter”: the gendered production of affective states in Chile 357 NIA C. PARSON 26 Women’s autonomy, Islam, and the French State 371 JOHN R. BOWEN 27 The “unique blend”: reframing womanhood through Turkish drama series 381 FUNDA ÜSTEK AND OGUZ ALYANAK x Contents 28 Female genital cutting: moving forward on abolition? 398 ELLEN GRUENBAUM PART 8 Gender, household, and kinship 413 29 What to do with unmarried daughters? Modern solutions to a traditional dilemma in a polyandrous Tibetan society 419 GEOFF CHILDS, MELVYN C. GOLDSTEIN, AND PUCHUNG WANGDUI 30 Between a rock and a hard place: the labyrinth of working and parenting in a poor community 431 SHARON HICKS- BARTLETT 31 Rethinking Caribbean families: extending the links 450 MARY CHAMBERLAIN 32 Resignation and refusal: the moral calculus of lesbian and gay parenthood in the United States 463 ELLEN LEWIN PART 9 Gender, ritual, and religion 475 33 Possessing spirits and healing gods: female suffering and agency in North India 482 ANUBHA SOOD 34 “Tradition” and threat: women’s obscenity in Giriama funerary rituals 497 JANET MCINTOSH 35 Shamans, bodies, and sex: misreading a Korean ritual 512 LAUREL KENDALL 36 How to change a man: spiritual transformation and shifts in gender ideology in Evangelical El Salvador 526 JOSÉ LEONARDO SANTOS PART 10 Gender, politics, and reproduction 541 37 Natural birth at the turn of the t wenty-fi rst century: implications for gender 547 MARGARET MACDONALD