Gender Equality in the Pacific Alliance.

62 Pages·01.733 MB·English

by  OECD

Gender Equality in the Pacific Alliance
PromotinG WomEn’s Economic EmPoWErmEnt
Gender Equality
contents
1. Women, girls and inclusive growth in Pacific Alliance countries: A story of progress
in the Pacific Alliance
and potential
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isbn 978-92-64-26295-9
81 2016 15 1 E

Gender Equality
in the Pacific Alliance
PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC
EMPOWERMENT
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the
OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not
necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.
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of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers
and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
Please cite this publication as:
OECD (2016), Gender Equality in the Pacific Alliance: Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment,
OECD Publishing, Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264262959-en
ISBN 978-92-64-26295-9 (PDF)
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© OECD 2016
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3
FOREWORD –

Foreword
The Pacific Alliance is an ambitious regional integration initiative that
aims at high policy standards. The OECD welcomes and supports this
endeavour, which engages two of its member countries, Chile and Mexico; a
country in the accession process, Colombia; as well as Peru, which benefits
from a country programme within the OECD.
The OECD was invited to review gender equality in economic life in
Pacific Alliance countries in advance of the Pacific Alliance Summit, which
was held on 31 June to 1 July 2016 in Santiago, Chile. This report is a
preliminary stocktaking exercise aimed at assessing gender inequalities in
labour force participation, education, entrepreneurship and unremunerated
work in Pacific Alliance countries, relative to non-Latin American OECD
countries. This report proposes ways by which legal frameworks and public
policies can help level the playing field between men and women, for the
benefit of societies and economies overall.
In recent years, Pacific Alliance countries have made good strides in
some outcomes for women and girls, such as improved access to higher
education, greater provision of early childhood education and care and
women’s achievements in reaching political leadership positions. The
OECD applauds these efforts and outcomes (some of which exceed OECD
averages, as this report details).
Yet in many other realms, gender inequalities in the Pacific Alliance are
worrying. The social and economic ills of the development process –
including pervasive informality, high rates of poverty, weak rule of law and
inadequate institutions – affect everyone, but hit women especially hard.
Men in Pacific Alliance countries are at least 20 percentage points more
likely to be in the labour market than women. This is a daunting gap. The
gender difference in labour force participation is largest in Mexico, where
just under half of all women work, compared to over 80% of men. Although
women are increasingly well-educated in Pacific Alliance countries, large
gender gaps in “NEET1” rates among young people raise concerns for the
future, as inequalities in youth tend to grow through the lifetime. The share
of young women who are NEETs is about twice as high (or more) as the
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE: PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT © OECD 2016
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– FOREWORD

share of young men who are NEETs in every Pacific Alliance country and
motherhood presents a high barrier to many of these young women’s
educational and economic progress.
Job quality and pay are worse for women, too: across countries, women
continue to be paid less than men, hold lower quality jobs and suffer from
high rates of informality. Although informality affects both women and men
throughout the region, women are especially disadvantaged when they
cannot access social safety nets and legal protections like maternity leave.
Finally, gender stereotyping and discrimination continue to limit
women’s economic and social prospects through the Pacific Alliance.
Women bear an unequal burden for unpaid work, especially after becoming
mothers and continue to face violence and harassment at home, at work and
in public spaces.
Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru should be doing better for women.
Now is the time to act.
The Pacific Alliance countries are at different stages in the development
process. Yet all four countries have strong affiliations with the OECD and
they have shown a strong political commitment to advancing gender
equality. The OECD looks forward to continuing to work with the Pacific
Alliance on this topic.
This report is part of an extensive OECD agenda to promote gender
equality. Our recent efforts have included the OECD Recommendation of
the Council on Gender Equality in Education, Employment and
Entrepreneurship; the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender
Equality in Public Life; and the report Closing the Gender Gap: Act Now.
An overview of our data and ongoing work can be found online at the
OECD “Gender Data Portal”.
The OECD was instrumental in establishing the “25 by 25” target at the
G20, by which G20 member countries have committed to reducing the
gender gap in workforce participation by 25% by the year 2025 (IMF, ILO,
OECD and World Bank, 2014). The OECD also recently contributed to the
G7 “Guiding Principles for Capacity Building of Women and Girls:
Towards Sustainable, Inclusive and Equitable Growth and Peace”.
I would like to thank the Pacific Alliance for putting gender equality on
the agenda of its summit. We are indebted to the President of Chile,
Michelle Bachelet and the Ambassador of Chile to the OECD, Claudia
Serrano, who were instrumental in supporting this project and to María de la
Paz López Barajas of INMUJERES in Mexico, who offered feedback on this
report. I would also like to extend sincere thanks to the Secretary General of
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE: PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT © OECD 2016
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FOREWORD –

the OECD, Angel Gurría, whose support – including financing – made this
report possible.
We hope that the analysis and recommendations contained in this report
will be an asset to the Alliance in its policy efforts to promote gender
equality for the advancement of women, men and all of society. The
OECD’s expertise is at the Alliance’s disposal for the purpose of advancing
better policies for better lives.

Gabriela Ramos
OECD Chief of Staff, Sherpa to the G20
and Special Counsellor to the OECD Secretary-General
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE: PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT © OECD 2016
6
– ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was initiated and supervised by the OECD Chief of Staff,
Sherpa to the G20 and Special Counsellor to the OECD Secretary-General,
Gabriela Ramos.
The report was prepared by the OECD Directorate for Employment,
Labour and Social Affairs, under the supervision of Willem Adema and
Monika Queisser. Primary drafting and research was done by Valerie Frey,
with contributions from Chris Clarke and Apolline Jaoui. Paolo Falco,
Claire Keane, Maxime Ladaique and Sebastien Martin (of the OECD
Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs) provided valuable
input for several statistical indicators and colleagues in the OECD
Development Centre (Gaelle Ferrant, Keiko Nowacka and Annelise Thim)
offered useful feedback on an earlier draft. This report draws on previous
work conducted by the ELS and partnering directorates, particularly Closing
the Gender Gap: Act Now (OECD, 2012) and its follow-up country reports.
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE: PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT © OECD 2016
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TABLE OF CONTENTS –

Table of contents
Executive summary ............................................................................................................ 9
1. Women, girls and inclusive growth in Pacific Alliance countries: A story
of progress and potential ............................................................................................... 13
2. Gender inequalities persist in the Pacific Alliance .................................................. 15
Girls have made great strides in schooling, but underperform on PISA measures
and under-participate in STEM ................................................................................. 15
Female labour force participation shows progress, but needs improvement ............. 18
Both male and female entrepreneurs in Pacific Alliance countries face obstacles .... 28
High rates of female NEETS signal future risks for women ..................................... 30
Unequal sharing: Women continue to do the majority of unpaid housework
and childcare .............................................................................................................. 33
Traditional attitudes persist, but young people give cause for optimism .................. 36
3. Gender equality is good for growth .......................................................................... 38
4. Public policies can level the playing field ................................................................. 40
Good policy in practice: A call for accurate evaluation and embedding gender
considerations in policy ............................................................................................. 40
Policy recommendations ........................................................................................... 41
Notes ................................................................................................................................ 48
References ........................................................................................................................ 49
Annex A. Estimating the effects of changes in female labour force participation rates
on the size of the labour force and GDP per capita in Chile and Mexico ........................ 56

Figures

Figure 1. Low PISA test scores combined with large gender gaps in
the Pacific Alliance ......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. Women’s labour force participation rates are converging with men’s,
but gender gaps persist .................................................................................................... 19
Figure 3. Uneven progresses in gender pay gaps across Pacific Alliance countries ....... 22
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE: PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT © OECD 2016
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– TABLE OF CONTENTS

Figure 4. Women are more likely than men to live in poverty in Chile and Mexico .......... 23
Figure 5. Mothers are less likely to be in paid work than non-mothers .......................... 25
Figure 6. Three- to five-year-old enrolment in ECEC has risen in Chile and Mexico ....... 28
Figure 7. Women and men face high credit constraints in Pacific Alliance countries ...... 30
Figure 8. Women are more likely than men to be NEETs in Pacific Alliance countries 31
Figure 9. Adolescent fertility rates remain high in Pacific Alliance countries ............... 32
Figure 10. Greater gender equality in unpaid work correlates with greater equality
in the labour market ........................................................................................................ 34
Figure 11. Pacific Alliance countries made sizable progress in women’s representation
in Parliaments .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 12. Younger people hold more egalitarian views ................................................ 36
Figure 13. Women’s labour force participation is essential for boosting
economic growth ............................................................................................................. 39

Tables

Table 1. Key indicators of gender gaps in educational and labour market outcomes.......... 14
Table A.1. Summary of the estimated effects of changes in female labour force
participation on the projected size of the labour force in Chile and Mexico ....................... 58
Table A.2. Summary of the estimated effects of changes in female labour force
participation on projected GDP per capita in Chile and Mexico ......................................... 58
GENDER EQUALITY IN THE PACIFIC ALLIANCE: PROMOTING WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT © OECD 2016