Gender at Work in Economic Life (Society for Economic Anthropology Monographs, V. 20.) PDF
Preview Gender at Work in Economic Life (Society for Economic Anthropology Monographs, V. 20.)
Gender at Work in hconornic Life SOCIETY FOR ECONOMIC ANTHROPOLOGY (SEA) MONOGRAPHS Deborah Winslow, University of New Hampshire General Editor, Society for Economic Anthropology Monographs for the Society for Economic Anthropology contain original es- says that explore the connections between economics and social life. Each year’s volume focuses on a different theme in economic anthropology. Earlier volumes were published with the University Press of America, Inc. (#I-15, 17), Rowman & Littlefield, Inc. (#16). The monographs are now published jointly by AltaMira Press and the Society for Economic Anthropology (http://nautarch.tamu.edu/anth/sea/). Current Volumes in the Series: VOl. 1 Sutti Ortiz, ed., Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. VOl. 2 Sidney M. Greenfield and Arnold Strickon, eds., Entrepreneurship and Social Change. VOl. 3 Morgan D. Maclachlan, ed., Household Economies and their Transfor- mation. VOl. Stuart Plattner, ed., Market and Marketing. 4 VOl. 5 John W. Bennett and John R. Brown, eds., Production and Autonomy: Anthropological Studies and Critiques of Development. Vol. 6 Henry J. Rutz and Benjamin S. Orlove, eds., The Social Economy of Consumption. VOl. 7 Christina Gladwin and Kathleen Truman, eds., Food and Farm: Cur- rent Debates and Policies. VOl. 8 M. Estellie Smith, ed., Perspectives on the Informal Economy. VOl. 9 Hill Gates and Alice Littlefield, eds., Marxist Trends in Economic An- thropology. Vol. 10 Sutti Ortiz and Susan Lees, eds., Understanding Economic Process. Vol. 11 Elizabeth M. Brumfiel, ed., The Economic Anthropology of the State. Vol. 12 James M. Acheson, ed., Anthropology and Institutional Economics. Vol. 13 Richard E. Blanton, Peter N. Peregrine, Deborah Winslow and Thomas D. Hall, eds., Economic Analysis Beyond the Local System. Vol. 14 Robert C. Hunt and Antonio Gilman, eds., Property in Economic Con- text. Vol. 15 David B. Small and Nicola Tannenbaum, eds., At the Interface: The Household and Beyond. Vol. 16 Angelique Haugerud, M. Priscilla Stone, and Peter D. Little, eds., Commodities and Globalization: Ant hr opologica1 Perspectives. Vol. 17 Martha W. Rees & Josephine Smart, eds., Plural Globalities in Multi- ple Localities: New World Border. Vol. 18 Jean Ensminger, ed., Theory in Economic Anthropology. Vol. 19 Jeffrey H. Cohen and Norbert Dannhaeuser, eds., Economic Develop- ment: An Anthropological Approach. Vol. 20 Gracia Clark, ed. Gender at Work in Economic Life. Gender at Work in Economic Life EDITED BY GRACIA CLARK Published in cooperation with the Society for Economic Anthropology A Division of ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Walnut Creek Lanham New York Oxford ALTAMIRPAR ESS A Division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1630 North Main Street, #367 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 www.altamirapress.com Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A division of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, MD 20706 PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright 0 2003 by the Society for Economic Anthropology A11 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gender at work in economic life / edited by Gracia Clark. p. cm.-(Society for Economic Anthropology (SEA) monographs; v. 20) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7591-0245-7 (hardcover: alk. paper)-ISBN 0-7591-0246-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Sexual division of labor-History. 2. Women-Employment-History. I. Clark, Gracia. 11. Series: Society for Economic Anthropology monographs; v. 20. HD6053.G4625 2003 306.3'6 15-dc2 1 2002013473 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSVNISO 239.48- 1992. Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: How Gender Works, in the Practice of Theory and Other Social Processes ix GRACICAL ARK PART I: CONCEPTS OF GENDER WITHIN ECONOMIC CHANGE I Archaeology and the Gender without History 3 K. ANNEP YBURN 2 Rain and Cattle: Gendered Structures and Political Economy in Precolonial Pare, Tanzania 19 N. THOMAHSA KANSSON Woman-Headed Households in Agrarian Societies: 3 Not Just a Passing Phase 41 EVELYNB LACKWOOD PART II: ENTREPRENEURS AS WOMEN 4 Female Entrepreneurship in the Caribbean: A Multisited, Pilot Investigation of Gender and Work 63 KATHERINEE. BROWNE 5 Women, Modernity, and the Global Economy: Negotiating Gender and Economic Difference in Ifugao, Upland Philippines 95 B. LYNNEM ILGRAM 6 Between Family and Market: Women and the New Silk Road in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan 115 CYNTHIWA ERNER V vi CONTENTS PART 111: LOVE AND ENTITLEMENTS 7 Neoliberalism and Newar Economics of Practice: Gender and the Politics of Consciousness in a Nepalese Merchant Community 127 KATHARINEN . RANKIN 8 “Why Would She Fight Her Family?” Indian Women’s Negotiations of Discourses of Inheritance 147 SRIMATBIA SU 9 Decision Making and Flows of Income and Expenses among Households with Factory-Employed Members 185 AURORAB AUTISTA-VISTRO PART IW MIGRATION ENGENDERED 10 “Male Wealth and “Claims to Motherhood”: Gendered Resource Access and Intergenerational Relations in the Gwembe Valley, Zambia 207 LISAC LIGGETT II Age, Masculinity, and Migration: Gender and Wage Labor among Samburu Pastoralists in Northern Kenya 225 JON D. HOLTZMAN 12 Women and Work in a Brazilian Agricultural Frontier 243 ANDREAD . SIQUEIRSAT, EPHEDN. MCCRACKEN, s. EDUARDO BRONDIZIAON,D EMILIOF . MORAN Index 269 About the Contributors 273 About the Editor 277 Acknowledgments These chapters were originally submitted for the Society for Economic An- thropology Conference on Gender and Economic Life, held April 21-23,2000, at Indiana University, Bloomington, in conjunction with the meetings of the Central States Anthropological Association. Financial assistance from the Col- lege of Arts and Sciences and the Ofice of the Vice President for Academic Af- fairs is appreciated. The IU Department of Anthropology provided welcome financial and clerical assistance and volunteers for the conference, and clerical assistance for the preparation of the manuscripts. Deborah Winslow, the SEA general editor, was generous with her encour- agement and practical help. Florence Babb and another anonymous reviewer provided valuable comments that helped pull the chapters together. The con- tributors were blessedly cooperative from their far flung homes and field homes. The editorial team, Rosalie Robertson and Lori Pierelli, worked hard to coordinate the last stages of preparation. The patience and commitment they have all shown was essential to seeing this volume come out amid our several transitions and competing demands. vii This Page Intentionally Left Blank Introduction: How Gender Works, in the Practice of Theory and Other Social Processes Gracia Clark Greater awareness of the role gender plays in economic processes, alongside and within the dynamics of class, race, ethnicity, nationality, age, and indi- vidual strategizing, has significantly deepened and sharpened scholarly un- derstanding of the broadest possible range of economic activity. As a strict conceptual boundary becomes ever less credible between economic and other human endeavors, discussions within economic anthropology become more relevant than ever to important debates over social theory and public policy. Work that interrogates the role of gender in economic life has the ca- pacity to transform our understanding of general social processes as well as to clarify our understanding of men’s and women’s participation in them. The chapters in this book follow the thread of gender through every level of anthropological analysis, from evolutionary models of human history through the regional comparison of work patterns to buying a new blender. These authors address cultural concepts and social contexts that are of inter- est to anthropologists of every persuasion and to scholars from adjacent dis- ciplines. They apply a broad range of analytic approaches to a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative materials. They all start by taking a hard look at the evidence, whether ethnographic, archaeological, historical, or statistical. This rigor enables them to convincingly identify interpretive assumptions still current in their fields of expertise, assumptions that are based more on con- temporary cultural norms than contemporary research standards. Research founded on such assumptions only reproduces knowledge that confirms them. As a result, these studies provide not only a vital challenge to insufi- ciently grounded past work, but a firmer basis and inspiration for future re- search and analysis. These authors present critical new appraisals of how gendered material re- lations and ideological assumptions about gender are mutually constitutive of key social institutions and analytic concepts. Concrete gender relations may ix
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