Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men

363 Pages·2002·2.25 MB·English

by  Marlis Hellinger (ed.)

<ATSKSWVIUIDUEOZTIBYDOTEFLJWFHTECESHHCOOIEN"ETTRRGFI"DGe1O""n"5SIH4"md0"T"e>"pr"a"cA2t2c0r1o"0s"sLanguages:Thelinguisticrepresentationofwomenandmen.VolumeII"
GenderAcrossLanguages
Impact: Studies in language and society
impactpublishesmonographs,collectivevolumes,andtextbooksontopicsin
sociolinguistics.Thescopeoftheseriesisbroad,withspecialemphasisonareas
suchaslanguageplanningandlanguagepolicies;languageconflictandlanguage
death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia;
discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class,
ideology);andhistoryandmethodsofsociolinguistics.
Generaleditor
AnnickDeHouwer
UniversityofAntwerp
Advisoryboard
UlrichAmmon WilliamLabov
GerhardMercatorUniversity UniversityofPennsylvania
LaurieBauer ElizabethLanza
VictoriaUniversityofWellington UniversityofOslo
JanBlommaert JosephLoBianco
GhentUniversity TheAustralianNationalUniversity
PaulDrew PeterNelde
UniversityofYork CatholicUniversityBrussels
AnnaEscobar DennisPreston
UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana MichiganStateUniversity
GuusExtra JeanineTreffers-Daller
TilburgUniversity UniversityoftheWestofEngland
MargaritaHidalgo VicWebb
SanDiegoStateUniversity UniversityofPretoria
RichardA.Hudson
UniversityCollegeLondon
Volume10
Gender Across Languages: The linguistic representation of women and men
VolumeII
EditedbyMarlisHellingerandHadumodBußmann
Gender Across Languages
The linguistic representation
of women and men
volume 2
Edited by
Marlis Hellinger
UniversityofFrankfurtamMain
Hadumod Bußmann
UniversityofMunich
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:1)/(cid:1)Philadelphia
TM ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican
8
NationalStandardforInformationSciences–PermanenceofPaperforPrinted
LibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
GenderAcrossLanguages:Thelinguisticrepresentationofwomenandmen.VolumeII/
editedbyMarlisHellingerandHadumodBußmann.
p. cm.(Impact:Studiesinlanguageandsociety,issn1385–7908;v.10)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes.
1.Grammar,Comparativeandgeneral--Gender.I.Hellinger,Marlis.II.Bußmann,
Hadumod.III.Impact,studiesinlanguageandsociety;10.
P325.5.P78 M4 2002
401.43--dc21 00-040314
isbn902721842(cid:3)0(Eur.)/158811084(cid:3)2(US)(Hb;alk.paper)
isbn902721843(cid:3)9(Eur.)/158811085(cid:3)0(US)(Pb;alk.paper)
©2002–JohnBenjaminsB.V.
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Table of contents
LanguagesofvolumeIandIII vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Listofabbreviations xiii
genderacrosslanguages
Thelinguisticrepresentationofwomenandmen 1
MarlisHellingerandHadumodBußmann
chinese
Editors’note 27
InChinese,menandwomenareequal–or–womenandmenare
equal? 29
CharlesEttner
Gender-relateduseofsentence-finalparticlesinCantonese 57
MarjorieK.M.Chan
Realityandrepresentation:Socialcontrolandgenderrelationsin
MandarinChineseproverbs 73
HongZhang
dutch
Towardsamoregender-fairusageinNetherlandsDutch 81
MarinelGerritsen
finnish
ThecommunicationofgenderinFinnish 109
MilaEngelberg
<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"<"ggmmppaannthhbbnnnnssoiiwwuuuuhhaaiiiioo""""ssaacRRRRRRRRRR/ll>>nnllaattbb>>"""""rr""""//////////"">>"">>>"""">>>>T>>>>>>>>RRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEAEEEEEEEEEERGFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFET
vi Tableofcontents
hindi
“Unnatural”genderinHindi 133
KiraHall
icelandic
MasculinegenericsincurrentIcelandic 163
AnnaGunnarsdotterGrönberg
italian
GenderandfemalevisibilityinItalian 187
GiannaMarcatoandEva-MariaThüne
norwegian
TherepresentationofgenderinNorwegian 219
ToveBullandTorilSwan
spanish
GenderinSpanish:Traditionandinnovation 251
UweKjærNissen
vietnamese
Genderinaddressingandself-referenceinVietnamese:
Variationandchange 281
HoaPham
welsh
ThepoliticsoflanguageandgenderinWales 313
GwenllianAwbery,KathrynJonesandDelythMorris
Notesoncontributors 331
Nameindex 337
Subjectindex 343
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Languages of Volume I
Arabic
AtiqaHachimi
BelizeanCreole
GenevièveEscure
EasternMaroonCreole
BettinaMigge
English
MarlisHellinger
JanetHolmes
AnnePauwels
SuzanneRomaine
Hebrew
YishaiTobin
Indonesian
EstherKuntjara
Romanian
FlorenceMaurice
Russian
UrsulaDoleschalandSonjaSchmid
Turkish
FriederikeBraun
</TARGET"lan">
Languages of Volume III
Czech
SvetlaCˇmejrková
Danish
KirstenGomardandMetteKunøe
French
ElisabethBurr
ElmarSchafroth
German
HadumodBußmannandMarlisHellinger
Greek
Theodossia-SoulaPavlidou
Japanese
SachikoIde
JanetS.(Shibamoto)Smith
Oriya
KalyanamaliniSahoo
Polish
GabrielaKoniuszaniecandHankaBłaszkowska
Serbian
ElkeHentschel
Swahili
RoseMarieBeck
Swedish
AntjeHornscheidt
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Preface
TheseriesGenderacrosslanguagesisanongoingprojectwithpotentialfollow-
uppublications.Ourmaingoalhasbeentoprovideacomprehensivecollec-
tionofin-depthdescriptionsofgender-relatedissuesinlanguageswithvery
diversestructuralfoundationsandsocio-culturalbackgrounds.Theprojectis
designedtohaveanexplicitcontrastiveorientationinthatbasicallythesame
issues are discussed for each language within the same terminological and
methodological framework. This framework, whose central notion is, of
course,themultidimensionalconcept of“gender”,is discussedinthe intro-
ductorychapterof“Genderacrosslanguages–Thelinguisticrepresentationof
women and men”. Care has been taken not to impose a narrow western
perspectiveonotherlanguages.
This is the second of three volumes which comprise a total of thirty
languages:(Moroccan)Arabic,BelizeanCreole,Chinese,Czech,Danish,Dutch,
Eastern Maroon Creole, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew,
Hindi, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Oriya, Polish,
Romanian,Russian,Serbian,Spanish,Swahili,Swedish,Turkish,Vietnamese,
andWelsh.Allcontributionswerespecificallywrittenforthisproject,inclose
collaborationwiththeeditorsoveraperiodofthreeyears.Unfortunately,afew
languages(Bulgarian,Hungarian,Korean,Portuguese,andoneNativeAmeri-
canlanguage)droppedoutoftheprojectforvariousreasons.Theselanguages
shouldbeincludedinapotentialfuturevolume.
Thebasisonwhichparticularlanguagesshouldbebroughttogetherinone
volumehasbeenaproblematiconetodefine.Ratherthancategorizinglanguag-
esaccordingtolanguagefamily(areal,typologicalorhistorical),oraccording
towhetherthelanguagehasordoesnothavegrammaticalgender,orusingan
overallalphabeticalordering,wedecided–inagreementwiththepublisher–that
eachvolumeshouldcontainabalancedselectionoflanguages,sothateachvolume
willprovidereaderswithsufficientmaterialtoillustratethediversityandcomplex-
ityoflinguisticrepresentationsofgenderacrosslanguages.Thus,eachvolume
will contain both languages with grammatical gender as well as “genderless”
languages,andlanguageswithdifferentareal,typologicalandhistoricalaffiliations.
</TARGET"pref">
x Preface
“Genderacrosslanguages”is,ofcourse,aselection,andnoclaimscanbe
madethatthethreevolumeswillcoveralllanguagegroupsadequately.Critics
will find it easy to identify those language areas or families that are under-
represented in the project. In particular, future work should consider the
immensenumberofAfrican,AsianandAustronesianlanguageswhichhaveso
farreceivedlittleornoattentionfromagenderperspective.
Though we are aware of the fact that most languages of the project have
developedanumberofregionalandsocialvarieties,withdifferentimplications
fortherepresentationandcommunicationof“gender”,wesupportedauthors
intheirunanimousdecisiontoconcentrateonstandardvarieties(wherethese
exist).Thisdecisionisparticularlywell-foundedforthoselanguagesforwhich
gender-relatedissuesarebeingdescribedherefortheveryfirsttime.Onlyinthe
caseofEnglish,whichhasdevelopedmajorregionalstandardswithconsider-
able differences in usage, did we decide to make explicit reference to four
differentvarieties(BritishEnglish,AmericanEnglish,NewZealandEnglishand
AustralianEnglish).
Wetookcarethateachchapterdidaddressmostofthequestionswehad
formulated as original guidelines which, however, were not intended (nor
interpreted by authors) to impose our own expectations of how “gender” is
represented in a particular culture. Thus, chapters basically have the same
overallstructure,withvariationduetolanguage-specificpropertiesaswellas
tothestateofresearchonlanguageandgenderintherespectivecountry.In
some cases, we encouraged authors to include some of their own empirical
research where this has implications for the analysis of “gender” in the
respectivelanguage.
MarlisHellinger
HadumodBußmann