Gender Across Languages IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society IMPACT publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/impact General Editor Ana Deumert University of Cape Town Advisory Board Peter Auer Marlis Hellinger University of Freiburg University of Frankfurt am Main Jan Blommaert Elizabeth Lanza Ghent University University of Oslo Annick De Houwer William Labov University of Erfurt University of Pennsylvania J. Joseph Errington Peter L. Patrick Yale University University of Essex Anna Maria Escobar Jeanine Treffers-Daller University of Illinois at Urbana University of the West of England Guus Extra Victor Webb Tilburg University University of Pretoria Volume 36 Gender Across Languages. Volume 4 Edited by Marlis Hellinger and Heiko Motschenbacher Gender Across Languages Volume 4 Edited by Marlis Hellinger Goethe University Frankfurt Heiko Motschenbacher Technical University of Braunschweig John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gender Across Languages : The linguistic representation of women and men. Volume 4 / edited by Marlis Hellinger and Heiko Motschenbacher. p. cm. (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society, issn 1385-7908 ; v. 36) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Grammar, Comparative and general--Gender. I. Hellinger, Marlis. II. Motschenbacher, Heiko. III. Impact, studies in language and society; 36. P240.7 .G45 2015 415--dc21 2001037888 isbn 978 90 272 1877 3 (Hb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1878 0 (Pb ; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 6886 0 (Eb) © 2015 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa Table of contents Languages of volume I, II and III vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii List of abbreviations xv Gender across languages The linguistic representation of women and men 1 Marlis Hellinger and Hadumod Bußmann Some new perspectives on gendered language structures 27 Heiko Motschenbacher CROATIAN Structural gender trouble in Croatian 49 Heiko Motschenbacher and Marija Weikert ESPERANTO Gender in a planned language: Esperanto 97 Sabine Fiedler ESTONIAN The representation of gender in Estonian 125 Cornelius Hasselblatt GA Probing the manifestations of gender in Ga 153 Benedicta Adokarley Lomotey GERMAN Gender in Swiss German 173 Helen Christen and Daniel Elmiger vi Table of contents HUNGARIAN Gender trouble in a grammatically genderless language: Hungarian 203 Louise O. Vasvári IGBO The linguistic representation and communication of gender in Igbo 227 Arua E. Arua KURDISH Gender in Kurdish: Structural and socio-cultural dimensions 247 Geoffrey Haig and Ergin Öpengin ONEIDA Gender in Oneida 277 Karin Michelson Portuguese Gender in Portuguese 303 Annette Endruschat SLOVENIAN Gender in Slovenian 333 Ursula Doleschal THAI The linguistic representation of gender in Thai 369 Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Notes on contributors 401 Subject index 407 Languages of Volume I Arabic Atiqa Hachimi Belizean Creole Geneviève Escure Eastern Maroon Creole Bettina Migge English Marlis Hellinger Janet Holmes Anne Pauwels Suzanne Romaine Hebrew Yishai Tobin Indonesian Esther Kuntjara Romanian Florence Maurice Russian Ursula Doleschal and Sonja Schmid Turkish Friederike Braun Languages of Volume II Chinese Marjorie K. M. Chan Charles Ettner Hong Zhang Dutch Marinel Gerritsen Finnish Mila Engelberg Hindi Kira Hall Icelandic Anna Gunnarsdotter Grönberg Italian Gianna Marcato and Eva-Maria Thüne Norwegian Tove Bull and Toril Swan Spanish Uwe Kjær Nissen Vietnamese Hoa Pham Welsh Gwenllian Awbery and Kathryn Jones and Delyth Morris Languages of Volume III Czech Svetla Čmejrková Danish Kirsten Gomard and Mette Kunøe French Elisabeth Burr Elmar Schafroth German Marlis Hellinger and Hadumod Bußmann Greek Theodossia-Soula Pavlidou Japanese Sachiko Ide Janet S. Shibamoto Smith Oriya Kalyanamalini Sahoo Polish Gabriela Koniuszaniec and Hanka Błaszkowska Serbian Elke Hentschel Swahili Rose Marie Beck Swedish Antje Hornscheidt
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