Gazetteer of the Mandi State

242 Pages·1996·13.2 MB·English

GAZETTEER
OF THE
MANDI STATE
1920
INDUS PUBLISHING COMPANY
NEW DELHI
First published in 1920
Reprinted 1996
ISBN 8 1-7387-054-3
Published by Indus Publishing Company
FS-5, Tagore Garden, New Delhi 110 027 and printed at
Efficient Offset Printers, Shahzada Bagh, Delhi 110 035
PREFACE.
THE present edition of the Mandi Stat,e Gazetteer was corn-
piled by Mr. Emerson, I.C.S., late Settlement Officer and 8uper-
intendent ; my connection with the work has been confined to
slight additions and alterations, bringing it right up to date, and
to the correction of the proofs.
The thanks of the Darbar are due to Dr. Hutchineon and
Dr. Vogel for the sectiondealing with the political hi~toryo f the
State, to Dr. Vogel and Pandit Hira Nand Sllastri for noteb on
Archaeology, to Mr. O. O. L. Eiowell, C. S., for an account of the
fisheries, and to Mr. H. L. Wright, I.F.S., for the sections on the
flora, fauna and forests. Lala Sri Gopal, Sub-Divisional Offiser,
furnished historical data to the authors of the political history,
and in ac!dition collected material of general interest. The illus-
trations are mostly the work of Mr. H. L. Wright.
J. R. S. PARSONS, I.O.S.,
Superintendent, Mandi Sfat e.
MANDI:
The 18t12 Jecne 1919.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
'CHAPTER 1.-Descriptive.
SECTION A,-PIIYSICALA SPECTS.
Subject.
...
Boundaries ... .a. 1
Rivera ib.
... e... ..
The mountain eystem 2
Range of altitudes,a nd cliaracter of the. c..o untry ... 3
Scenery . .I.... 4
Climate and rainfall ..a. . .. . 5
Geology .. . 6
...
Flora ... .. . ib.
Fauna la
SECTION B.-AI~CHEOLOGY.
...
Archseology 19
.. .
Ri w blser 86.
...
Trilok NAth ib.
...
The Panchavaktra tcmple 18
.. .
Normal style of architecture ib.
...
The temple of Bhrit NQth 19
.. .
The temple of Adhulri ih.
The SalBnu rock inscription ... ib.
.. .
Art 20
SECTION C.-HIS~ORY.
.. .
Meaning of the name Mandi ., 21
...
Tibetan associations .. .. .. .. . .. . ib.
Sources of information 22
Rnlc of Riinas and Thlikurs ... ... ... ib.
. ...
Common ancestry of Mandi and Snket 2 3
... ..a ...
BMiar nSdei nb ccc. o7m65es A in. dDe.p endent ... .... a. ... 2ib5.
Kanchau Sen c. 1278 A. D. .. . .. . *.. 27.
BK6anliB Sne nS eu c. 1304 A. D. ... .. . a.. ..... ii6b..
Hira Sen c. 1332 A. D. ... .. . .I..... .. ...- .... 28
Ajbar Sen c. 1500 A. D. ib.
Potindation of present town of Mandi .. . 29
Chatar Sen c, 1534 A. D. ... I.. .. tb.
.. .
SBliib Sen c. 1554 A. D. .... tb.
NKaereAhyanbn S Senen c .c .1 155967 5A A. D. D.. .. .... ...... ... 3ib0.
The lorseta monuments .+ 3 1
... ...
Hari Sen c. 1623 A. D. ib.
...
S b j S en a. 1637 A, D. .ma 32
ChA PTER I- DESCRIPTIVE-OONTINUED,
Subject.
... .. . .. .
Keml&hf ort 83
...
Later years of Siiraj Sen's rcign ... 34
m.... .
AS~SGhisa&dvsuhidgrl m SnSeemo enS fn e,e ,nL n1t1o 6c6ho8.7 fl4 91r ka A6Ai 6.n .4 gD DdA.o. . m D .to 398clho RA....o. ... .... ............. .. .............. 3siibb6 s7..
. . .
Revenue system of Mihn Juppu ... .. . . .. . ib.
Murder of RBja of Bhang61 ... .. . .. . 38
Visit of Guru Gobind Pingh *.. 39
... ...
Shiv JamAla Sen ib.
... ...
Shamsher sin, 1727 A. D. .. . ...... 40
Surma Sen, 1781 A. D. 43
... ... ..a
Ishwari Sen, 1788 A. D, .., ... ....a. 43
Vieit of William Moorcroft ... 45
...
Zilim Sen, 1826 A. D. ... 47
...
Balbir Sen, 1839 A. D. 48
... ... ...
Visit of Mr. Vigne ... .'b.
.. . .. .
Sikh expedition to Mandi 49
... ...
T~nderof allegiance to the British Oovernmcnt .. . . . 5 1
Bijai Sen, 1861 A. D. ... .. . . 53
...
Bhimiini Sen, 1903 A. D. ... *.. 57
.
Commencement of Regular Settlement.. 58
... .. . era
Jogendsr Sen, 191.3 A. D. ib.
0..
Treaty between the British Government aud the State 59
Genealogical table ...... ...... a..,... .. 60
The history of institutions 6 1
...
TThhee tRlliejoac raantdic tnhaet ucraes teof styhsete smov ereignty.. . .I U. . ... i6b3.
...
The oath on the Raja 6 4
... m.. e. * ...
The Riija as owner of the soil .. . ... ... ib.
The beg& system .. . ... 6 5
Miscellaneous taxation 67
.me ...
Popular risings .... .. ...... .. . 6 8
Revenue aesignments 69
...
Sdsan ba'ai grant ...
... ...
A copper plate grant ...
*..
A sdiaar grant ib*
em*
ARenl iigniao'mus fgorra snetr vtoic eas prheynsdiecrieadu for serv..i..c..e s rendered.. . a.*. .. i7b ?.i
Service grant .. . ..... ... ib.
Various kinds of grant,e ... .
...
Bdai ...
PdZ I.... . ...*. . ib.
Jig ira ib.
Indm8 and mudffs ... ... ..I.... I . 7 4
Religious assignments ib
om I*o
iii
CHAPTI3 R' I.DESCRIPTIVE.CONTINUW,
SECTIOND -POPU
LATION.
Subject.
SECTION D.-POPULATION.
...
Statistics
Total population and density
Urban and rural
...
Types of village
...
Migration
Sex and marriage statistics
...
Tribal distribution
...
RBjputs
...
Brahmans
...
Khatris
...
Bohras ...
RBthis
...
Kanet.s
.*.
KumbBrs ...
Gujars ...
LohBrs and ThBnvins ...
NBis
...
MirBsis ...
Chuhras ...
Kolis
...
Other menial castes
...
Caete restrictione
...
Food and drink
...
Dress
SECTION E.-DOMESTIAOND R.E LIGIOCUUSB TOMB
BELIEFB
9 4ND
Birth customs
.a.
The hair-cutting cereinony. ..
The sacred thread ...
Marriage ceremonies ...
Widow remarriage
...
Polyandry
Relations between the sexes
...
Death ceremonies
...
The pret p61t6
...
Ghostly visitations ...
Memorial tablet8 ...
8ati heaps ...
Acte of merit
W itohcraft
8.m
Magic *.... .
Religion
Ortbodor Hinduism
qv t
CHAPTER I-DESC&IPTIVE--~OHCLUD~.
SECTIOEN- DOMEBTIC AND RGLIQ~OUCSII STOMABN D BELIEPB-
conclcl.
Subject.
...
Particular ceremonies ... 11%
..a
Religion of the lower hille ... 113
...
The cult of Gaga ... ... 114
Nar Singh and Kailu 117
...
The Siddhs 118
,a,
The religion of the upper hille 119
a ,
General ..... e.m.*. ib.
Nature of the family gods ieo
... ...
The symbol of the god ... ... lei
lee
Divination ...
... lee
Festivals
CHAPTER 11.-Economic.
SECTION A.-A~RICULTURE.
.
...
General agricultural conditions ... ... 184
Physical conditions ..-. .. ... ... C3.
Local terms 136
... ...
Irrigation ... .. , .m.m.a 137
Crops and rotations ib.
... . .. ...
Rice ... 139
... ...
Maize ... .. 140
Bodra ...... ... I.... . *. .. r'b a
Saridra ... ... ... ib.
China, kangni, and buck-w..h. eat ... 141
Mdsh and ku2tA ... ... *** ..* ib.
...
Potatoes ... ib.
... ...
Kachdk and gsrdiia'li ib.
... ... ...
Fruits and vegetables ib.
... ... ...
Wheat ib.
... ... ...
Barley 14%
... ... ...
Gram ... ... ib.
Oileeeds ... ... ... t b.
Tobacco ... ... ib.
Opium ... ... 143
... ...
Tea ... ... ... ib.
Yields 145
...
Production and coneumption of food-grains ... 146
Indcbtednese of the agncultnr:~lp opulation ib.
SECTION B,-LIvEBTo~K.
...
Livestock generally ...
Grase lande and waete
Omzing feee
evq
Subject.
-
SECTION C. FORESTS.
... ...
...
History ... ....a. ... 151
The Forest Settlement, 191 7 ... ... ... 162
The foreete and the people ... ... ... 153
The forest growth ... .. ... 0.... . ib.
DeodBr ... ib.
...
Blue-piqe ... ...... .*.. .0 ... 164
Spruce and fir i6.
... ...
CA it ... ib.
Condition of the forests ... .\ . ...C .. ).. ib.
I.. *..
Injuries to which the forests are liable ... ib.
...
Utilisation of the produce ... a.*.. . ... 165
Administratior1 ....,. .. ... ... ib.
Revenue ... .... ... ... 166
Working Plan ib.
... ... ...
Grazing fees ib.
*a*
SECTION D.-MINES MINERALS.
AND
.
Minerals ... 157
Iron ... ib.
Slate quarries 168
...
Salt ib.
SECTION E.-MANUFACTUBANEDS I NDUSTRIES.
...
... ...
Metal industries ... ... 166
Carpenters and bamboo workers ... ... ib.
Weaving ... ... ... 166
Honey ,.. ... ib.
...
Miscellaneous ... .. ,... ... 167
Trade and markets ... ... ib.
Taxes and duty ... ... 168
General economic condition of the people ... ib.
... ...
Measures and weights 169
SECTION F.-COMYUNIOATIONB-
... ... ... .
171
Communications ... ... ... .
Projected Kulu cart-road ib
$.. ...
Description of main routes-.M.. andi-P8lar.n..p nr road ... ... ib.
Routes into Kulu ... ... 172
Stagee from PBlampnr to Mandi ... ... ...... ib.
Stages from Phlampur to Kuln 173
...
blandi-HoshiBrpur road .,.... ... ..a.. . zb.
Stages from Mandi to Hos.h..i irpur ... ...... ... 174
Rontee to Simla ... ... ... ib.
*.. I76
Mandi-Rupar route ... ... ... .
State staging rules 176
... ... ...
Post and Telegraph Offices ib.
SECTION (3.- -FAMINE-