Gathering Hopewell: Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction PDF
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Gathering Hopewell Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction INTERDISCIPLINARYCONTRIBUTIONSTOARCHAEOLOGY SeriesEditor:MichaelJochim,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara FoundingEditor:RoyS.Dickens,Jr.,LateofUniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill CurrentVolumesinThisSeries: THEARCHAEOLOGIST’SLABORATORY TheAnalysisofArchaeologicalData E.B.Banning AURIGNACIANLITHICECONOMY EcologicalPerspectivesfromSouthwesternFrance BrookeS.Blades DARWINIANARCHAEOLOGIES EditedbyHerbertDonaldGrahamMaschner EARLIESTITALY AnOverviewoftheItalianPaleolithicandMesolithic MargheritaMussi EMPIREANDDOMESTICECONOMY TerenceN.D’AltroyandChristineA.Hastorf EUROPEANPREHISTORY:ASURVEY EditedbySaurunasMilisauskas THEEVOLUTIONOFCOMPLEXHUNTER-GATHERERS ArchaeologicalEvidencefromtheNorthPacific BenFitzhugh FAUNALEXTINCTIONINANISLANDSOCIETY PygmyHippotamusHuntersofCyprus AlanH.Simmons AHUNTER-GATHERERLANDSCAPE SouthwestGermanyintheLatePaleolithicandNeolithic MichaelA.Jochim HUNTERSBETWEENEASTANDWEST ThePaleolithicofMoravia JiriSvoboda,VojenLozek,andEmanuelVlcek GATHERINGHOPEWELL Society,Ritual,andRitualInteraction ChristopherCarrandD.TroyCase AContinuationOrderPlanisavailableforthisseries.Acontinuationorderwillbringdeliveryofeachnewvolume immediatelyuponpublication.Volumesarebilledonlyuponactualshipment.Forfurtherinformationpleasecontact thepublisher. Gathering Hopewell Society, Ritual, and Ritual Interaction Editedby CHRISTOPHER CARR ArizonaStateUniversity Tempe,Arizona and D. TROY CASE NorthCarolinaStateUniversity Raleigh,NorthCarolina Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers NewYork Boston London Dortrecht Moscow LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData GatheringHopewell:society,ritual,andritualinteraction/editedbyChristopherCarrand D.TroyCase. p.cm.—(Interdisciplinarycontributionstoarchaeology) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-306-48478-1—ISBN0-306-48479-X(pbk.) 1.Hopewellculture—Ohio. 2.IndiansofNorthAmerica—Ohio—Ritesandceremonies. 3.IndiansofNorth America—Materialculture—Ohio. 4.IndiansofNorthAmerica—Funeralcustomsandrites—Ohio. 5.Scioto RiverValley(Ohio)—Antiquities. 6.MiamiRiverValley(Ohio)—Antiquities. I.Carr,Christopher,1952-II.Case, D.Troy.III.Series. E99.H69G38 2004 977.1(cid:1)01 2003062064 ThecoverillustrationispartofthepaintingAHopewellIndianBurialCeremony(cid:1)c;reproducedbycourtesyofthe artist,LouisGlanzman,withourwarmthanks.BordersareadaptedfromGregoryPerino(1968).Coverdesignby ChristopherCarr;technicalrenderingbyDeannGatesandSusannevanDyne. ISBNHB:0-306-48478-1 PB:0-306-48479-X (cid:2)C 2005byKluwerAcademic/PlenumPublishers,NewYork 233SpringStreet,NewYork,NewYork10013 http:/www.kluweronline.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 AC.I.PrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Allrightsreserved Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recording,orortherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthePublisher,withthe exceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,for exclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. PermissionsforbookspublishedinEurope:[email protected] PermissionsforbookspublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica:[email protected] PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica To Stuart Struever For your vigorous work and well-thought-out vision in the service of archaeological research and education StuartStrueverin1977attheKosterSite,Illinois. Contributors WesleyBernardini,AssistantProfessor. DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology,University ofRedlands,1200E.ColtonAvenue,Redlands,California92373. ChristopherCarr,Professor. DepartmentofAnthropology,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Ari- zona85287-2402. Gary Carriveau, Ph.D., Former Research Scientist. Detroit Institute of Arts, 5200 Woodward Avenue,Detroit,Michigan48202. D. Troy Case, Assistant Professor. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina StateUniversity,Raleigh,NorthCarolina27695-8107. DouglasK.Charles,Professor. DepartmentofAnthropology,WesleyanUniversity,Middletown, Connecticut06459. Stephanie Field, B.A. Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2402. BrianJ.Fryer,Professor. DepartmentofEarthSciences,UniversityofWindsor,Windsor,Ontario N9B3P4,Canada. AnneJ.Goldberg,M.A. DepartmentofAnthropology,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona 85287-2402. BeauJ.Goldstein,M.A. DepartmentofAnthropology,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona 85287-2402. Cynthia Keller, M.A. Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2402. TinaLee,M.A. GraduateCenter,CityUniversityofNewYork,NewYork,NewYork10016-4309. David W. Penney, Ph.D. Vice President and Curator, Detroit Institute of Arts, 5200 Woodward Avenue,Detroit,Michigan48202. TeresaRodrigues,A.B.D. DepartmentofAnthropology,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona 85287-2402. WilliamF.Romain,Ph.D. 26933GreenbrookeDrive,OlmsteadTownship,Ohio44138. Bret J. Ruby, Ph.D. Cultural Resource Manager, United States Army, Environment and Natural ResourcesDivision,Box339500,FortLewis,Washington98433-9500. Katharine C. Ruhl, M.A. Department of Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1WadeOvalDrive,Cleveland,Ohio44106-1767. ix x CONTRIBUTORS Christine M. Shriner, Assistant Professor. Department of Geological Sciences, and Research Associate in the Department of Classical Studies, Indiana University, 1005 E. 10th Street, Bloomington,Indiana47405-1403. Michael W. Spence, Professor and Chair. Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario,London,Ontario,CanadaN6A5C2. ChadR.Thomas,A.B.D. DepartmentofAnthropology,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona 85287-2402. GinaM.Turff,M.A. DepartmentofAnthropology,TrentUniversity,1600WestBankDrive,Pe- terborough,Ontario,Canada,K9J7B8. JaiminD.Weets,AssistantProfessor. DepartmentofAnthropology,StateUniversityofNewYork, Potsdam,NewYork13676. Preface Explaining and appreciating others, as goals of tening metals and stones acquired from long, ananthropologicalarchaeologythatstrivestobe, dangerous travels afar into elaborately embel- atonce,scientificandhumanisticinoutlook,are lished symbolic forms, and honored many of reconciledinthedetailedstudyoflocalpeoples their dead in meaningfully rich and laboriously in their local and broader cultural and natural expensive mortuaries. Multicommunity, earth- contexts.Throughtherichdescriptionofalocal enclosed ceremonial grounds of many tens of people and their ideas, practices, and environ- acres,alignedpreciselytothesolstices,equinox, ments,thepossibilityarisesfortheresearcherto and rising moon; ceremonial, three and four- come to know those people and their ways in tonepanpipessheathedinsilverandcopperand termsoftheirownself-images,roles,practices, sometimes used in rites of passage; smoking values, and beliefs, rather than his or hers, to pipessculptedwithcreaturesthatprovidedper- glimpsetheiraspirationsandmotivations,andto sonal connections to power; figurines of elite, begintounderstandthem.Detailed,personalized shaman,andcommonersinritualandordinary- observationofapeople,andsituatingoneselfin liferoutines;tombsofoakenlogsandcremation theirmidst,laythegroundworkforadeeperex- basinsfilledwithdozenstohundredsofgiftsof perienceofthem,andopenthedoortotruehu- copper axes, copper breastplates, quartz crystal manistic appreciation and faithful comparative points, or galena cubes by community leaders, studyandexplanation. elite sodality members, and shaman-like divin- Inthislight,findingthefaces,actions,con- ersorhealers—suchexpressivenessoflivespast sequences, and motivations of past peoples as makesHopewellianmaterialrecordsamongthe individuals, as social persons who constructed mostsociallyandpersonallyvocalarchaeologi- andplayedoutvaryingsocialroles,andaslarger calremainsontheNorthAmericancontinent. social formations with social raisons d’eˆtre— In this book, twenty-one authors in inter- thicklydescribingpastpeoples—isvitaltoafully woven efforts immerse themselves in this vi- realizedarchaeologythatisscientificandhuman- brant archaeological record and guide the istic. This calling is especially salient when an reader through it in order to richly document archaeologicallandscapeisrichlyendowedwith Hopewellian life and to develop new, more in- culturally expressive material remains at multi- tricate understandings of Hopewellian peoples, plescales,asistrueofHopewellianlandscapes who have intrigued and mystified professional overtheEasternWoodlandsofNorthAmerica. archaeologists and laypersons for now more Within the verdant valleys of the Wood- than two centuries. By assembling and ana- lands, Hopewellian peoples of 2,000 years ago lyzing deep and broad archaeological data on built truly monumental, often complexly de- an unprecedented scale, the authors offer de- signedearthworksfortheirritualgatheringsand tailedviewsofthepractices,ideas,andmotiva- burying their dead, masterfully worked glis- tions of Hopewellian peoples in their local and xi xii PREFACE interregionalculturalandnaturalcontextsineast- includingceremonialsitesofdifferentiatedritual ernNorthAmerica.Itwouldbepossible,instead, functions, the use of singular ceremonial sites tosimplyimaginehowvariousexpressivemate- bymultiplecommunities,andthetriscalarorga- rial remains and practices of Hopewellian peo- nization of residential, local symbolic, and de- plesmighthavefiguredintotheirlives,ortoplace mographicallysustainablekindsofHopewellian them in some generalized, theoretical frame- communities. work from an outsider’s perspective (e.g., eco- InordertocometoknowlocalHopewellian logical,neo-Darwinian,symbolic–structuralist), peoples more closely—to personalize and hu- buttheseeffortswouldbringusonlyalittlecloser manizeHopewellianmaterialrecords—manyof to Hopewellian peoples themselves. Rather, by the authors of this book emphasize identifying thicklydescribinglocalHopewellianlife,inper- the social and ritual roles of actors: public cer- sonalized,contextualized,ethnographic-likede- emonial leader, ritual greeter of foreigners, di- tail to the extent archaeologically feasible, the viner, healer, corpse processor, and such. Roles authorsherelayastrongfoundationforknowing areculturalmodelsthatguidetheactionsandin- Hopewellianpeoplesintheirownterms,andfor teractions of persons by defining or suggesting appreciatingandexplainingthemandtheirworks their relative rights, duties, actions, responses, inamannerthatissensitivetotheirvoices. andtasksinagivensocialcontext,andareme- The twenty chapters of this book intro- dia that facilitate creative social expression of duce the reader to many previously unknown actors.Assuch,rolesarecloselyassociatedwith aspects of the social, political, and ceremonial the social action of individuals. Roles bring a lives of local Hopewellian peoples, especially dynamism to archaeological records that struc- those in the northern Woodlands of Ohio, Indi- tural studies of social identities, personae, and ana, and Illinois. Diverse leadership roles with positions, which have been a mainstay in mod- sacredandsecularbasesofpower;thedevelop- ernmortuaryarchaeology,donot.Rolesalsogive mentofinstitutionalized,multicommunitylead- apersonalqualitytoarchaeologicalstudies,but ership positions from classical shamanism over atalevelofabstractionabovetheindividualand time;theanimal-totemicclansoflocalsocieties more archaeologically resolvable than the indi- and their relative wealth, size, networking, and vidualagentandhisorherspecificsocialactions access to leadership positions; the simplicity of and effects, which are popular yet debated foci social ranking and its low priority for symbol- inanthropologicalarchaeologytoday. ing;genderdistinctionsandrelationshipsasseen Itisfromthedetailedviewsofthelivesof in the access of the sexes to leadership posi- local Hopewellian peoples that their interre- tionsandsodalitymembership,day-to-daytasks, gional travels, long-distance procurement of workload, and health; the possible recognition materials, far-flung social–ritual interactions, ofathirdgender;patrifocalandmatrifocalkin- and spread of ceremonial practices, ideas, raw ship structures; ceremonial societies/sodalities materials, artifact classes, and material styles with overlapping membership; earthwork ritual are understood here in Hopewellian terms. gatherings,theirsizes,social-rolecompositions, Interregional-scale Hopewellian practices and foreign participant levels, and functions, and connections are shown to have been motivated changesinthesecharacteristicsovertime;inter- by, and aspects of, local social, political, and communityalliancesandtheirchangingmeans, ritual practices and foundational beliefs. Once formality,andsizeovertime;andthecorrelation thought to have been a relatively coherent ex- between alliance development and leadership change system fueled by local subsistence risk form—each of these features of Hopewellian and/ordemandsforsocialstatusmarkers,interre- social, political, and ceremonial life is defined gionalHopewellianconnectionsempiricallyturn empiricallyforlocalHopewellianpeoples.Nec- out instead to have been very diverse in form, essarily,thesefeaturesarealsoresolvedandun- and commonly spiritually focused. Vision and derstoodinthecontextoftheceremonial–spatial powerquesting,pilgrimagestoplacesinnature, organizationsoflocalHopewelliancommunities, the travels of medicine persons and/or patients
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