Gastrointestinal Tissue. Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants PDF
Preview Gastrointestinal Tissue. Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants
Gastrointestinal Tissue Gastrointestinal Tissue Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants Edited by Jordi Gracia-Sancho Institut d’Investigacions Biome`diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain Josepa Salvado´ University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyrightr2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-805377-5 ForInformationonallAcademic Presspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MicaHaley AcquisitionEditor:StacyMasucci EditorialProjectManager:SamYoung ProductionProjectManager:EdwardTaylor Designer:InesMariaCruz TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India List of Contributors A. Ahmet Bas¸aran, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Paula Cordero-Pe´rez, University Hospital “Dr. Jose´ E. Turkey Gonza´lez” Autonomous University of Nuevo Leo´n, Monterrey,Mexico Anna Ardevol, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain MarioDell’Agli, UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy Vanessa Areco, National University of Cordoba, Bennur Esen, Acıbadem Taksim Hospital, Istanbul, Co´rdoba,Argentina Turkey Ahmet E. Atay, Bagcilar Education and Research Anabel Ferna´ndez-Iglesias, IDIBAPS Research Institute, Hospital,Istanbul,Turkey CIBEREHD,Barcelona,Spain MerveBacanlı, HacettepeUniversity,Ankara,Turkey Samuel Ferna´ndez-Tome´, Institute of Food Science Rafael Ban˜ares, Gregorio Maran˜o´n University Hospital, Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM1CSIC), Madrid,Spain Madrid,Spain Nurs¸enBas¸aran, HacettepeUniversity,Ankara,Turkey JakubFichna, MedicalUniversityofLodz,Lodz,Poland Georg Bauer, Institute of Virology, Freiburg, Germany; Mar´ılia O. Fonseca Goulart, Federal University of University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Alagoas,Maceio,Brazil Germany MarcoFumagalli, UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy John Anthony Bauer, Kentucky Children’s Hospital Johan Gagnie`re, University of Clermont Auvergne, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand,France Lexington,KY,UnitedStates MayteBlay, UniversityRoviraiVirgili,Tarragona,Spain Juan C. Garcia Pagan, IDIBAPS Research Institute, Barcelona,Spain;CIBEREHD,Barcelona,Spain Mathilde Bonnet, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand,France Davis E. Garrison, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, Aran´ı Casillas-Ram´ırez, Regional Hospital of High UnitedStates Specialty of Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico; Autonomous University of Peter J. Giannone, Kentucky Children’s Hospital Tamaulipas,Matamoros,Mexico University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington,KY,UnitedStates Raja Chakraborty, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati,Assam,India EmelS.Gokmen, EyupStateHospital,Istanbul,Turkey CarolinaCiacci, UniversityofSalerno,Baronissi,Italy Jordi Gracia-Sancho, IDIBAPS Research Institute, CIBEREHD,Barcelona,Spain Saverio A. Ciampi, University of Bari Medical School, Bari,Italy Ignazio Grattagliano, Italian College of General Alexander D. Clark, The Ohio State University Wexner Practitioners, Bari, Italy; University of Bari Medical Medical Center, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, School,Bari,Italy UnitedStates Feng He, California State University-Chico, Chico, CA, Ana Laura Col´ın-Gonza´lez, Instituto Nacional de UnitedStates Neurolog´ıayNeurocirug´ıa,CiudaddeMe´xico,Mexico Blanca Herna´ndez-Ledesma, Institute of Food Science Martha L. Contreras-Zentella, Universidad Nacional Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM1CSIC), Auto´nomadeMe´xico(UNAM),MexicoCity,Me´xico Madrid,Spain xiii xiv ListofContributors Rolando Herna´ndez-Mun˜oz, Universidad Nacional Victoria Palau, East Tennessee State University, Auto´nomadeMe´xico(UNAM),MexicoCity,Me´xico JohnsonCity,UnitedStates Diana Hide, IDIBAPS Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Carmen Peralta, D’Investigacions Biomedical Institute Barcelona,Spain August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Biomedical Research CenterinRedDiseaseliver anddigestive (CIBERehd), Chia-Chien Hsieh, National Taiwan Normal University, Barcelona,Spain Taipei,Taiwan,ROC Adriana Pe´rez, National University of Cordoba, Victor Antony Santiago Jesudoss, Asia Metropolitan Co´rdoba,Argentina University,Cheras,Selangor,Malaysia Montserrat Pinent, University Rovira i Virgili, Mo´nica B. Jime´nez-Castro, Transplant Biomedicals, S.L, Tarragona,Spain Barcelona,Spain Piero Portincasa, University of Bari Medical School, Mandar S. Joshi, Kentucky Children’s Hospital Bari,Italy University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington,KY,UnitedStates Valeria Rodr´ıguez, National University of Cordoba, Co´rdoba,Argentina HyeyoungKim, YonseiUniversity,Seoul,SouthKorea IlariaRusso, UniversityofSalerno,Baronissi,Italy Min-Hyun Kim, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, UnitedStates Maciej Salaga, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Lars-Oliver Klotz, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany Josepa Salvado´, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain Koyamangalath Krishnan, East Tennessee State University,JohnsonCity,UnitedStates Lourdes Sa´nchez-Sevilla, Universidad Nacional Auto´nomadeMe´xico(UNAM),MexicoCity,Me´xico Erica Lafoz, IDIBAPS Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain EnricoSangiovanni, UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy Virginia R. Lemon, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Abel Santamar´ıa, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog´ıa y PA,UnitedStates Neurocirug´ıa,CiudaddeMe´xico,Mexico Po Sing Leung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Brandon Schanbacher, Kentucky Children’s Hospital Shatin,HongKong University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington,KY,UnitedStates Lin Li, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HongKong Saikat Sen, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, Assam,India Ana Marchionatti, National University of Cordoba, Co´rdoba,Argentina Bodo Speckmann, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke,Nuthetal,Germany Francesca Marciano, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy; University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Holger Steinbrenner, Friedrich Schiller University, Italy Jena,Germany Sandra G. Medina-Escobedo, Regional Hospital of Michael R. Stenger, The Ohio State University College High Specialty of Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario ofMedicine,Columbus,OH,UnitedStates 2010”,CiudadVictoria,Mexico Bill Stone, East Tennessee State University, Johnson Jose´ Miranda-Bautista, Gregorio Maran˜o´n University City,UnitedStates Hospital,Madrid,Spain Partiban Subramanian, Asia Metropolitan University, Paula Mosin´ska, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Cheras,Selangor,Malaysia Poland David C. Sypert, The Ohio State University Wexner Fabiana A. Moura, Federal University of Alagoas, Medical Center, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, Maceio,Brazil UnitedStates Craig A. Nankervis, The Ohio State University College Ximena Terra, University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, ofMedicine,Columbus,OH,UnitedStates Spain Marisela Olgu´ın-Mart´ınez, Universidad Nacional Nori Tolosa de Talamoni, National University of Auto´nomadeMe´xico(UNAM),MexicoCity,Me´xico Cordoba,Co´rdoba,Argentina ListofContributors xv Dinesh M. Tripathi, IDIBAPS Research Institute, Marina Vilaseca, IDIBAPS Research Institute, Barcelona,Spain Barcelona,Spain Pietro Vajro, UniversityofNaples“FedericoII,”Naples, Stella Lucia Volpe, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, Italy;UniversityofSalerno,Fisciano,SA,Italy UnitedStates Javier Vaquero, Gregorio Maran˜o´n University Hospital, Zan Xu, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Madrid,Spain Center, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States Karthikkumar Venkatachalam, Universiti Putra Malaysia,Serdang,SelangorDarulEhsan,Malaysia Li Zuo, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United Sundari Victor Antony Santiago, Annamalai States University,Chidambaram,Tamilnadu,India Dedication and Preface DEDICATION Toourfamilies,colleagues,andmentors. PREFACE Oxidative stress is a feature of gastrointestinal diseases and associated conditions, affecting a variety of molecular and cellular processes that ultimately contribute to the disease pathophysiology. Oxidative stress can arise due to nutritional imbalance duringaspectrumoftimeframes,beforetheonsetofdisease,orduringitsdevelopment. Considering these premises, there is a fundamental need to better understand the processes inherent to oxidative stress in gastrointestinal tissues, and to evaluate whether oxidative stress can be ameliorated with pharmacological or natural agents with antioxidant properties. Importantly, whilst physicians and clinical workers understand the cellular processes involved in gastrointestinal diseases, they are less conversant with the science of nutrition and dietetics. On the other hand, nutritionists and dieticians are not as familiar with the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of gastrointestinal disease, but favor nutritional intervention. Thus gastroenterologists, hepatologists, endocrinologists, food scientists, and nutritionists are separated by divergent skills and professional disciplines that need to be bridged in ordertoadvancemedicalscienceandenablepreventativeortreatmentstrategies. This book, Gastrointestinal Tissue: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, aims to cover in a single volume the science of oxidative stress in gastrointestinal diseases, and the potential therapeutic usage of natural antioxidants in the diet or food matrix, ultimately aiming at helping to build the bridge between physiology and nutrition, between physi- ciansandnutritionists. Gastrointestinal Tissue: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants imparts holistic information within a structured format: Section I, Oxidative Stress and Gastroenterology, covers the basic processes of oxidative stress, from molecular biologytowholeorgans,inrelationtoastarterpackcomposedbythegastrointestinalanatomyandsourcesofoxidative stress, and redox mechanisms in gastrointestinal diseases; which is followed by chapters depicting the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of cancer, Crohn’s disease, mucosal injury, helicobacter pylori, inflammatory bowel disease, gut dysbiosis, liver diseases, ischemia/reperfusion injury, portal hypertension, necrotizing enterocolitis, pancre- atitis,andgallbladderdisease. Section II, Antioxidants and Gastroenterology, covers antioxidants in foods, including plants and components of the diet, as well as dietary supplements. The section starts with a seminal chapter describing the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of antioxidants, followed by descriptions of the beneficial effects of antioxidant vitamins, selenium, berries, herbs, garlic extract, ginger extract, ginseng, kiwi fruit peptide, magnesium, melatonin, flavonoids, soypeptide,andlycopenes. Gastrointestinal Tissue: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants is designed for nutritionists, dieticians, food scientists,gastroenterologists,hepatologists,endocrinologists,healthcareworkers,andresearchscientists. The Editors sincerely acknowledge the authors, leading experts in the field, for their valuable contributions, and our ElsevierEditorialProjectManagerSamYoung,fortheirhelpandpatienceduringthepreparationofthiswork. JordiGracia-SanchoandJosepaSalvado´ xvii Chapter 1 The Gastrointestinal System: Anatomy and Sources of Oxidative Stress Jose´ Miranda-Bautista,RafaelBan˜aresandJavierVaquero GregorioMaran˜o´nUniversityHospital,Madrid,Spain INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress is an unavoidable consequence of life in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. In living organisms, it is defined as the disturbance of the delicate balance between the oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, leading to a disruption of redox signaling and control and/or to direct molecular damage (Fig. 1.1) [1]. Whereas an excessive amount of oxidative stress may cause damage of most cell constituents, a small or moderate amount of oxidative stress plays important roles in normal cell physiology by regulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways [2,3]. The OxyR and SoxR transcription factors in bacteria [4,5] and the NF-κB and Nrf2/Keap1 in higher organisms [6,7], are perfect examples of major oxidative stress-regulated signaling pathways. High amounts of oxidants can also be generated and released in a tightly controlled fashion by specialized immune cells as a defense mechanism againstforeign pathogens[8]. The terms oxidative damage, oxidants and free radicals are widely used in scientific and non-scientific forums, but it is important to remind that they are not synonymous nor they should be used indiscriminately (see definitions in Table 1.1). For example, free radicals can be neutral, negatively or positively charged, and their redox potential can rangefromoxidizing(e.g., hydroxylradical) toreducing (e.g.,superoxideradical). Itshouldalsobenotedthatthereare oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, that are not free radicals and, therefore, oxidative damage does not need to proceed necessarily via a radical mechanism. In this line, it has been recommended to name the specific chemical reactants involved in particular processes whenever possible rather than to refer to more general terms such as “oxida- tivestress,”“reactiveoxygenspecies,”(ROS)or“reactivenitrogenspecies”(RNS)[1]. Since the first report of the presence of free radicals in biological materials [9], extensive research has established an important role of oxidative stress and free radicals in normal cell physiology as well as in aging and a number of clinical disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, or ischemia-reperfusion injury [2]. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is receiving increasing attention as a major element for the maintenance of redox homeostasis in mammals, as it represents a major interface between the organism and the environment (both nutrients and intestinal microbiotaaresourcesofoxidativestress).Furthermore,accumulatingevidenceshowsthatoxidativestressisanimpor- tant player in the pathogenesis of various GI diseases [10]. In this chapter, we describe the basic anatomical and histological features of the GI tract and its associated organs, and provide a general overview of the main sources of oxidativestresswithattentiontothosemorerelevantfortheGItract. ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT The GI tract consists of a tubular organ that starts from the mouth and ends at the anus. Its main function is to digest and extract useful components from ingested materials and to expel the waste products at the end. This function is achieved by the progression of the alimentary bolus through different specialized sections of the GI tract together with the participation of accessory organs of the digestive system, which include the salivary glands, the liver, the pancreas, GastrointestinalTissue.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805377-5.00001-1 ©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 3 4 Section|I OxidativeStressandGastroenterology Oxidants Antioxidants Endogenous Exogenous Endogenous Exogenous Superoxide Radiation or chemotherapy Superoxide dismutases (SODs) Vitamin C s Nitric oxide Cigarette smoke e Glutathione peroxidase Vitamin E m Peroxynitrite Foods and alcohol y Catalase Carotenoids z Hydrogen peroxide Drugs and xenobiotics n Glutathione reductase Minerals E Hydroxyl radical Heme-oxygenase Polyphenols s Lipid hydroxyl radicals e m Glutathione y z Thioredoxin n ne Melatonin o N FIGURE 1.1 The oxidant/antioxidant balance. Living organisms are constantly exposed to oxidative stress. In normal conditions, a delicate balancebetweenthegenerationofoxidantsand freeradicalsandtheirdetoxificationexiststhatpreventsinjury.Smallincreasesofoxidativestress result in compensatory mechanisms driven by redox-sensitive signaling pathways and compounds that allow restoration of the balance. When the imbalanceisconsiderablylarger,damageofcellularconstituentsmayoccur. TABLE1.1 Definitions Term Definition Oxidative Imbalancebetweenoxidantsandantioxidantsinfavoroftheformer,leadingtoadisruptionofredoxsignaling stress regulationorcontroland/ortodirectmoleculardamage. Oxidant Theelectronacceptorinanoxidation-reductionreaction. Oxidation Theincreaseofpositivechargesonanatomorthelossofnegativecharges. Antioxidant Substancethat,whenpresentatlowconcentrationscomparedtothoseofanoxidablesubstrate,significantlydelaysor preventsoxidationofthatsubstance. Reduction Theadditionofhydrogentoasubstance,ormoregenerally,thegainofelectrons. Reductant Theelectrondonorinanoxidation-reduction(redox)reaction. Freeradical Amoleculeorioncontaininganunpairedvalenceelectron. and the gall bladder (Fig. 1.2). Hormone-sensitive effector cells together with the neuro-vegetative system facilitate the autonomous progression of the alimentary bolus through the GI tract. Importantly, the GI tract also harbors a diverse and complex microbial community of about 1000 bacterial species, which has an immense impact on host metabolism, physiology,nutrition,andimmunefunction[11]. In humans, the GI tract includes four major sections that can be individualized in terms of anatomy and histology: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Although the histology varies with the anatomical region, all the sections have four histological layers that are called mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia or serosa(fromthelumentotheouterwall). TheGastrointestinalSystem:AnatomyandSourcesofOxidativeStress Chapter | 1 5 FIGURE 1.2 Anatomy and histology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its accessory organs. The Eesophagus is mostly intrathoracic and impulsesthealimentarybolusintothestomach.Thestomachisanabdominalsacthatchangestheconsistencyofthebolustosemifluidandinitiates thedigestion.Pancreaticandbiliarysecretionssubsequentlyconvergeintheduodenumtocontinuethedigestionandtobegintheabsorptionofnutri- entsandwateralongthesmallintestine.Onceinthelargeintestine,waterisfurtherabsorbed,andfecesarecompactedandstoreduntiltheyarefinally removedbydefecation.Themucosaandglandularcellsareessentialelementsresponsibleforallthesefunctions.Thedrawingslocatedbesidetheana- tomicfigureshowthebasichistologicalfeaturesofthemucosaandglandularcellsthatcoverthedifferentsegmentsoftheGItractaswellasthoseof theliverandpancreas. Esophagus The esophagus in adults is a muscular tube of approximately 25cm long that extends from the pharynx at the cricoid cartilage (at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra) to the cardia (at the level of the 10th or 11th thoracic vertebra). It pierces the left crus of the diaphragm and has an intra-abdominal portion of about 1.5cm in length. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach, which is achieved by the coor- dinatedcontractionsofitsmuscularwall.
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