Gasoline and gas engines

440 Pages·2010·9.357 MB·English

by  Hua Zhao

Vehicle noise and vibration refi nement
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Vehicle noise and
vibration refi nement
Edited by
Xu Wang
Oxford Cambridge New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great
Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Preface xiii
Part I Introduction 1
1 Rationale and history of vehicle noise and vibration
refi nement 3
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Objectives and signifi cance of vehicle noise and
vibration refi nement 4
1.3 Scope of vehicle noise and vibration refi nement 4
1.4 The vehicle development process and vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 5
1.5 Vehicle noise and vibration term defi nitions 14
1.6 History of motoring and vehicle refi nement 14
1.7 References and bibliography 17
2 Target setting and benchmarking for vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 18
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Benchmarking of vehicle noise and vibration 21
2.3 Target setting for vehicle noise and vibration 21
2.4 References and bibliography 28
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
vi Contents
Part II Measurement and modelling 31
3 Vehicle vibration measurement and analysis 33
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Hand sensing 33
3.3 Basic vibration measurements 36
3.4 Vibration response investigation and vibration testing 45
3.5 Environmental testing 48
3.6 Mounting the test object 48
3.7 Measuring the complex elastic modulus 50
3.8 Quoting vibration levels 52
3.9 Vibration isolation 57
3.10 The vibration absorber 61
3.11 Case studies 63
3.12 Bibliography 67
4 Vehicle noise measurement and analysis 68
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 Sound fundamentals 68
4.3 Vehicle noise 78
4.4 Measuring microphones 80
4.5 Measuring amplifi ers 84
4.6 Calibration 84
4.7 Background noise 85
4.8 Recording sound 85
4.9 Analysis and presentation of noise data 86
4.10 Artifi cial head technology and psychoacoustics 90
4.11 Bibliography 92
5 Random signal processing and spectrum analysis
in vehicle noise and vibration refi nement 93
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
5.1 Random data and process 93
5.2 Correlation analysis 100
5.3 Fourier series 102
5.4 Spectral density analysis 106
5.5 Relationship between correlation functions and spectral
density functions 109
5.6 Linear systems 109
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents vii
5.7 Weighting functions 111
5.8 Relationship between complex frequency response and
impulsive response 114
5.9 Frequency response functions 115
5.10 Bibliography 116
6 Theory and application of modal analysis in vehicle
noise and vibration refi nement 117
M. Kronast, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Application of modal analysis in vehicle development 118
6.3 Theory of modal analysis 122
6.4 Methods for performing modal analysis 128
6.5 Limitations and trends 139
6.6 References 140
7 Mid- and high-frequency problems in vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement – statistical energy analysis
and wave approaches 142
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
7.1 Introduction 142
7.2 Modal approach 145
7.3 Energy sharing between two oscillators 149
7.4 Energy exchange in multi-degree-of-freedom systems 153
7.5 Wave approach to statistical energy analysis (SEA) 159
7.6 Procedures of the statistical energy analysis approach 162
7.7 Evaluation of the statistical energy analysis subsystem
parameters 163
7.8 Hybrid deterministic and the statistical energy analysis
approach 170
7.9 Application example 171
7.10 References 172
8 Advanced simulation techniques in vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 174
N. Hampl, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
8.1 Introduction 174
8.2 Basic simulation techniques 175
8.3 Frequency or time-domain methods 181
8.4 Simulation process 182
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
viii Contents
8.5 Application of virtual reality for vehicle noise and
vibration refi nement 185
8.6 Conclusions 186
8.7 Sources of further information and advice 187
8.8 References 187
9 Advanced experimental techniques in vehicle noise
and vibration refi nement 189
T. Ahlersmeyer, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
9.1 Transfer path analysis technique 189
9.2 Sound intensity technique for source identifi cation 192
9.3 Acoustic camera: beamforming and nearfi eld acoustic
holography techniques for source diagnostics 196
9.4 Laser techniques for dynamic analysis and source
identifi cation 199
9.5 Sound quality and psychoacoustics: measurement and
analysis 201
9.6 Ultrasound diagnostic techniques 206
9.7 Advanced material testing techniques 207
9.8 Advanced tachometer reference tracking techniques 212
9.9 References 215
Part III Noise and vibration refi nement in vehicle systems 217
10 Aerodynamic noise and its refi nement in vehicles 219
S. Watkins, RMIT University, Australia
10.1 The importance of aerodynamic noise 219
10.2 Aerodynamic noise sources: background 220
10.3 Modelling, relevant theory and the possibilities of
simulation 221
10.4 Causes of hydrodynamic pressure fl uctuations and
their reduction 224
10.5 Aeroacoustic measurement techniques and
psychoacoustic analysis 231
10.6 Conclusions 233
10.7 Acknowledgements 233
10.8 References 234
11 Active noise and vibration control in vehicles 235
S. J. Elliott, University of Southampton, UK
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Physical principles and limits of active control 236
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents ix
11.3 Control strategies 240
11.4 Commercial systems 243
11.5 Future trends 248
11.6 Sources of further information and advice 250
11.7 References 250
12 Noise and vibration refi nement of powertrain
systems in vehicles 252
D. C. Baillie, General Motors Holden Ltd, Australia
12.1 Introduction 252
12.2 Principles and methods 253
12.3 Powertrain noise sources and paths 256
12.4 Enablers and applications 261
12.5 Future trends 280
12.6 Conclusions 284
12.7 References 284
13 Vehicle interior noise refi nement – cabin sound
package design and development 286
D. Vigé, Centro Ricerche Fiat, Italy
13.1 Introduction 286
13.2 Internal noise sources in a vehicle 286
13.3 Vehicle noise paths 289
13.4 Basic principles 291
13.5 Sound package solutions to reduce the interior noise 306
13.6 Simulation methodologies for interior noise 311
13.7 Target setting and deployment on vehicle subsystems 315
13.8 Conclusions 316
13.9 References 316
14 Noise and vibration refi nement of chassis
and suspension 318
B. Reff, Ford-Werke GmbH, Germany
14.1 Introduction 318
14.2 Road-induced noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) basic
requirements and targets 319
14.3 Foundations of road-induced noise, vibration and harshness 323
14.4 The tyre: the most complex component? 330
14.5 Suspension 340
14.6 Mounts and bushes – the art of isolation 343
14.7 Future trends 348
14.8 References 350
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
x Contents
15 Body structure noise and vibration refi nement 351
G. M. Goetchius, Material Sciences Corporation, USA
15.1 Introduction 351
15.2 Basic principles 352
15.3 Global body stiffness 356
15.4 Body attachment behavior 360
15.5 Body attachment design strategies 367
15.6 Body panel behavior 371
15.7 Body panel design strategies 377
15.8 Future trends 383
15.9 Conclusions 384
15.10 References 385
16 Vehicle noise and vibration strategy-based
diagnostics 387
X. Wang, RMIT University, Australia
16.1 Introduction 387
16.2 Wheel and tyre vibrations 389
16.3 Balancing 396
16.4 Driveline vibration 406
16.5 Propshaft phasing 412
16.6 Bibliography 414
Index 416
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010