Gas usage & value : the technology and economics of natural gas use in the process industries

346 Pages·2006·15.815 MB·English

by  Seddon, Duncan

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THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF NATURAL GAS USE
IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
DR. DUNCAN SEDDON
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DISCLAIMER
The recommendations, advice, descriptions, and the methods in
this book are presented solely for educational purposes. The author and
publisher assume no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage that
results from the use of any of the material in this book. Use of the
material in this book is solely at the risk of the user.
Copyright © 2006 by PennWell Corporation
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available on
Request
Seddon, Duncan
Gas Usage & Value: The Technology and Economics of Natural Gas
Use in the Process Industries
ISBN 1-59370-073-3
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transcribed in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
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To Judith
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Contents
Preface ...........................................................................................xii
1 Introduction .............................................................................1
Burning and Feedstock: Why Convert Gas? .....................................3
Units ................................................................................................4
Approximate Conversion Factors ......................................................6
Economic Analysis ...........................................................................6
Approximations to the Economic Analysis ....................................8
Data Sources ....................................................................................9
References ......................................................................................10
2 Gas Availability .......................................................................11
World Supply and Demand for Gas ................................................11
Overview of Large Gas Reserves ....................................................14
Eastern Europe: Western and Central Russia .............................14
Middle East ................................................................................15
Africa ..........................................................................................16
North and South America ...........................................................17
Asia Pacific .................................................................................19
Western Europe ..........................................................................22
Alternative Sources of Gas .............................................................23
Gas from in situ coal: coalbed methane (CBM) .........................23
Natural gas hydrates ...................................................................27
Tight gas .....................................................................................26
Synthetic natural gas ...................................................................26
References ......................................................................................28
vii
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Gas Usage & Value
3 Gas Composition ...................................................................31
Variation in Gas Composition: Nonhydrocarbons ...........................32
Water ..........................................................................................32
Nitrogen ......................................................................................33
Helium ........................................................................................34
Oxygen ........................................................................................34
Mercury ......................................................................................35
Sulfur ..........................................................................................35
Carbon dioxide ............................................................................38
Variation in Hydrocarbon Content .................................................40
General Approaches to Gas Treatment ...........................................43
Low-sulfur, low-carbon dioxide gas .............................................43
High-sulfur, high-carbon dioxide gas ...........................................44
Gas Treatment to Remove LPG and Ethane ..................................45
LPG removal by turbo expansion ................................................45
Refrigerated absorption plants ....................................................48
Gas treatment for LNG manufacture .........................................50
Offshore gas processing ..............................................................51
Gas Specifications ..........................................................................52
Gas Production Costs: Order of Magnitude Estimates ..................55
Gas recovery costs at the wellhead .............................................55
Case study: economics of large gas plants ...................................58
Greenhouse Emissions ...................................................................61
Carbon geosequestration ............................................................63
Capture costs of carbon dioxide ..................................................65
Sequestration costs .....................................................................66
Methane emissions .....................................................................67
References ......................................................................................68
4 Comparison of Energy Fuels .................................................73
Natural Gas Use: Project Scale of Operation .................................73
Properties of alternative fuels:
coal and petroleum products .......................................................74
Heating Values (HHV and LHV) ....................................................76
Ratio of heating values ................................................................76
Determining liquid fuel heating values .......................................77
Nonconventional Energy Sources ...................................................78
Relative Environmental Impact ......................................................78
Carbon dioxide content of some natural gases ............................79
Comparative environmental effects ............................................79
viii
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