Gas Insulated Substations

492 Pages·2014·13.17 MB·English

by  Hermann J. Koch

Gas-
Insulated

Substations

Edited by Hermann Koch
GIS

Gas-Insulated Substations

Editor

Koch

www.wiley.com

Also available
as an e-book

Gas-Insulated Substations is an all-inclusive reference guide to gas insulated substations
(GIS) which takes account of its basic principles, technology, application, design
specification, testing and ownership issues. Practical and theoretical aspects are handled
by acknowledged GIS experts who have been involved with the technology from the
start. They provide the reader with the knowledge needed to identify a project with
GIS, manage the GIS process and then assemble and later maintain that system. This
learning resource offers engineering students and manufacturing professionals a sound
insight into this important technology at a time when application of GIS is spreading as
fresh projects are being launched and more companies are becoming involved.

Key features:

• Written by leading GIS experts who have been involved in the development of
the technology since its invention.

• Discusses both the practical and theoretical aspects of GIS.

• Details advanced and basic material, accessible for both existing GIS users
and those planning to implement the technology.

• Chapters are written as tutorials and provide helpful references for further
reading and study.

• Invaluable guide to practicing electrical, mechanical and civil engineers as
well as third and fourth year electric power engineering students.

• A companion website hosting full colour versions of the figures in the book.

Edited by
Hermann KocH Energy Transmission, Siemens AG, Germany
Gas-Insulated Substations

ISBN 978-1-118-57072-2

26.8 mm

www.wiley.com/go/koch/substations

GIS

GIS

GAS INSULATED
SUBSTATIONS

GAS INSULATED
SUBSTATIONS

Edited by

Hermann Koch
Energy Transmission, Siemens AG, Germany

A co-publication of IEEE Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This edition first published 2014
 2014 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gas insulated substations / edited by Hermann J. Koch.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-57072-2 (hardback)
1.
Electric cables–Gas insulation. 2.
Electric substations.
I. Koch,
Hermann, 1954- editor of compilation.
TK3441.G3G37 2014
621.310042–dc23
2014002202

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118570722

Set in 10/12pt TimesLTStd-Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India.

Contents

List of Contributors
xv

Foreword
xvii

Acknowledgements
xix

1
Introduction
1
Hermann Koch and John Brunke
1.1
General
1
1.1.1
Organization
1
1.1.2
Experts over the Years
3
1.1.3
Content of the Tutorial
3
1.1.4
Tutorials and Panels Given
4
1.2
Definitions
4
1.2.1
GIS
4
1.2.2
Metal-Enclosed Switchgear and Controlgear
5
1.2.3
Gas Insulated Metal-Enclosed Switchgear
5
1.2.4
Gas Insulated Switchgear Enclosure
6
1.2.5
Compartment of GIS
6
1.2.6
Design Pressure of Enclosures
6
1.2.7
Gas Monitoring Systems
6
1.2.8
Gas Leakage Rate (Absolute)
6
1.2.9
Gas Leakage Rate (Relative)
6
1.2.10
Gas Pass Through Insulator
7
1.2.11
Gas Zone
7
1.2.12
Local Control Cubicle (or Cabinet) (LCC)
7
1.2.13
Support Insulator
7
1.2.14
Partition
7
1.2.15
Power Kinematic Chain
7
1.2.16
Design Pressure of Enclosures
7
1.2.17
Relative Pressure across the Partition
7
1.2.18
Operating Pressure of Pressure Relief Device
7
1.2.19
Routine Test Pressure of Enclosures and Partitions
8

1.2.20
Type Test Pressure of Enclosures and Partitions
8
1.2.21
Rated Filling Pressure pre
8
1.2.22
Bushing
8
1.2.23
Main Circuit
8
1.2.24
Auxiliary Circuit
8
1.2.25
Design Temperature of Enclosures
8
1.2.26
Service Period
8
1.2.27
Transport Unit
8
1.2.28
Mixed Technologies Switchgear (MTS)
9
1.3
Standards and References
9
1.3.1
Standards
9
1.3.2
Current Standards Most Relevant to GIS
10
1.4
Ratings
14
1.4.1
General
14
1.4.2
Rated Maximum Voltage
14
1.4.3
Rated Insulation Level
14
1.4.4
Rated Power Frequency
15
1.4.5
Rated Continuous Current
16
1.4.6
Rated Short Time Withstand Current
16
1.4.7
Rated Peak Withstand Current
16
1.4.8
Rated Supply Voltages
17

2
Basic Information
18
Hermann Koch, John H. Brunke, and John Boggess
2.1
History
18
2.1.1
General
18
2.1.2
Steps of Development
19
2.2
Physics of Gas Insulated Switchgear
34
2.2.1
Electric Fields
34
2.2.2
Breakdown in Gases
36
2.2.3
Excitation and Ionization
36
2.2.4
Free Electrons
36
2.2.5
Mean Free Path
37
2.2.6
Electron/Gas Molecule Impact
37
2.2.7
Breakdown
37
2.2.8
Sulfur Hexafluoride
38
2.2.9
Electric Field Control in GIS
38
2.2.10
GIS Circuit Breakers
40
2.3
Reliability and Availability
40
2.3.1
General
40
2.3.2
Historical View
41
2.3.3
CIGRE Survey
42
2.3.4
Reliability GIS versus AIS
49
2.4
Design
50
2.4.1
Overview
50
2.4.2
SF6 Gas
50

vi
Contents

2.4.3
Enclosure
52
2.4.4
Principles
52
2.4.5
Operation
52
2.5
Safety
53
2.5.1
General
53
2.5.2
Design and Erection Requirements
53
2.5.3
Building Requirements
58
2.5.4
Grounding/Earthing Requirements
60
2.5.5
Burn Through of Enclosure
60
2.5.6
Work Behind Pressurized Insulators
60
2.5.7
SF6 Release to Buildings
60
2.6
Grounding and Bonding
62
2.6.1
General
62
2.6.2
GIS Versus AIS Grounding
62
2.6.3
GIS Enclosure Currents
62
2.6.4
General Rules for GIS Grounding
64
2.6.5
Very Fast Transients
64
2.6.6
GIS Grounding Connection Details
64
2.7
Factors for Choosing Gas Insulated Substations
66
2.7.1
General
66
2.7.2
Factors
67
2.7.3
Power System
70
2.7.4
Environment
70
2.7.5
Economics
70
2.7.6
Conclusion
70
2.8
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
71
2.8.1
What is Sulfur Hexafluoride?
71
2.8.2
Background Information
74
2.8.3
Producer and User of SF6
81
2.8.4
SF6 Gas Handling
85
2.8.5
Gas-Handling Equipment
98
2.8.6
Life Cycle Assessment Case Study: Würzburg
103
2.8.7
Kyoto Protocol
106
2.8.8
Requirements for the Use of SF6
108
References
108

3
Technology
110
Hermann Koch, George Becker, Xi Zhu, and Devki Sharma
3.1
General
110
3.1.1
Materials
110
3.1.2
Steel
111
3.1.3
Aluminum
112
3.2
Modular Components, Design, and Development Process
113
3.2.1
Modular Design
113
3.2.2
Design Features
125
3.2.3
Design Process
129

Contents
vii

3.3
Manufacturing
130
3.3.1
General
130
3.3.2
GIS Factory
131
3.3.3
Insulating Parts
132
3.3.4
Operation Rods and Tubes
134
3.3.5
Machining of the Enclosure
136
3.3.6
Cleaning and Degreasing
136
3.3.7
Pressure and Gas Tightness Test
137
3.3.8
Painting Enclosures
139
3.3.9
Preassembly of Functional Units
139
3.3.10
Final Assembly
140
3.3.11
Quality Insurance
142
3.3.12
Regional Manufacturing
142
3.4
Specification Development
142
3.4.1
Introduction
142
3.4.2
Specification Documentation
143
3.5
Instrument Transformers
171
3.5.1
Current Transformers
171
3.5.2
Voltage Transformers
173
3.5.3
Transient Overvoltages of a CT and VT
174
3.6
Interfaces
175
3.6.1
Direct Connection between Power Transformers and GIS
175
3.6.2
Cable Connections for Gas Insulated Switchgear for Rated
Voltage above 52 kV
180
3.6.3
Bushings
183
3.7
Gas Insulated Surge Arresters
185
3.8
Gas Insulated Bus
186
3.8.1
General
186
3.8.2
Three-Phase Insulated Bus Duct
187
3.8.3
Single-Phase Insulated Bus Duct
188
3.8.4
Bus Duct to Connect Overhead Lines
189
3.8.5
Bus Duct to Connect Circuit Breakers
190
3.8.6
Bus Duct to Connect Transformers
191
3.8.7
Bus Duct to Connect Cables
192
3.8.8
Bus Duct to Underpass Overhead Lines
193
3.8.9
Bus Duct Above Ground
194
3.8.10
Bus Duct Trench Laid
197
3.8.11
Bus Duct Laid in a Tunnel
197
3.8.12
Bus Duct Directly Buried
201
3.8.13
Shipment on Site
204
3.8.14
Assembly on Site
204
References
205

4
Control and Monitoring
206
Hermann Koch, Noboru Fujimoto, and Pravakar Samanta
4.1
General
206
4.2
GIS Monitoring
207

viii
Contents

4.2.1
Gas Monitoring
207

4.2.2
Partial Discharge
209

4.2.3
PD Monitoring Strategies
213

4.2.4
Circuit Breaker Monitoring
214

4.2.5
Other Monitoring
215

4.3
Local Control Cabinet
215

4.3.1
General
215

4.3.2
Bay Controller
219

4.3.3
Control Schemes
220

4.4
Digital Communication
221

4.4.1
General
221

4.4.2
Basic Digital Communication Standard
222

4.4.3
Switchgear Related Communication Standard
225

4.4.4
Normative References
230

4.4.5
Classifications
231

References
233

5
Testing
235

5.1
General
235

5.2
Type Tests
235

5.2.1
Dielectric Tests
236

5.2.2
Measurement of the Resistance of the Main Circuits
236

5.2.3
Temperature Rise Tests
237

5.2.4
Short-Time Withstand Current and Peak Withstand
Current Tests
237

5.2.5
Tightness Tests
238

5.2.6
Low and High Temperature Tests
238

5.2.7
Proof Tests for Enclosures
239

5.2.8
Circuit Breaker Design Tests
239

5.2.9
Switch Operating Mechanical Life Tests
240

5.3
Routine Tests
241

5.3.1
Dielectric Tests
241

5.3.2
Measurement of the Resistance of the Main Circuits
241

5.3.3
Tightness Tests
241

5.3.4
Pressure Tests of Enclosures
242

5.3.5
Mechanical Operation Tests
243

5.3.6
Tests on Auxiliary and Control Circuits
243

5.3.7
Pressure Tests on Partitions
243

5.4
On-Site Field Testing
243

5.4.1
Gas Leakage and Gas Quality (Moisture, Purity, and Density)
243

5.4.2
Electrical Tests: Contact Resistance
244

5.4.3
Electrical Tests: AC Voltage Withstand
244

5.4.4
Electrical Tests: AC Voltage Withstand Requirements
and Conditions
245

5.4.5
Electrical Tests: AC Voltage Withstand Configurations
and Applications
245

Contents
ix

Peter Grossmann and Charles L Hand

5.4.6
Electrical Tests: DC Voltage Withstand Tests
245

5.4.7
Mechanical and Electrical Functional and
Operational Tests
245

5.4.8
Connecting the GIS to the Electrical System
246

References
246

6
Installation
247

Hermann Koch, Richard Jones, and James Massura

6.1
General
247

6.2
Installation
248

6.2.1
Introduction
248

6.2.2
Safety Considerations and Assembly Tips
248

6.2.3
General Project Planning Outline
248

6.2.4
Future GIS Expansion Considerations
249

6.2.5
Advance Planning and Preliminary
Site Evaluation
249

6.2.6
Training
256

6.2.7
Material Receipt and Control
257

6.2.8
Installation/Assembly Instructions
259

6.2.9
Gas Insulated Substation Tests
271

6.2.10
Commissioning, Energization, and Outage Plan
278

6.2.11
Maintenance and Turnover Documents
279

6.3
Energization: Connecting to the Power Grid
280

6.3.1
Grid Connection Considerations (Long-Term Planning)
280

6.3.2
GIS Grounding System
280

6.3.3
Gas Zones
280

6.3.4
Operational Considerations
281

7
Operation and Maintenance
282

and Ravi Dhara

7.1
General
282

7.2
Operation of a Gas Insulated Substation
283

7.2.1
General
283

7.2.2
Circuit Breaker
283

7.2.3
Disconnect Switches
285

7.2.4
Nonfault-Initiating Grounding Switches
286

7.2.5
High Speed (Fault-Initiating) Grounding Switches
288

7.2.6
Three-Position Disconnect/Grounding Switches
289

7.2.7
Switch Viewports
292

7.2.8
Gas Compartments and Zones
292

7.2.9
Interlocking
293

7.2.10
Local Control Cabinets (LCCs)
296

7.2.11
Alarms
298

7.2.12
Switching a GIS
299

7.2.13
Conclusion
301

x
Contents

Hermann Koch, Charles L Hand, Arnaud Ficheux, Richard Jones,

7.3
Maintenance
302
7.3.1
General
302
7.3.2
Common Maintenance Procedures
302
7.4
SF6 Gas Leakage Repair
303
7.5
Repair
306
7.5.1
Nature and Sources of Faults
306
7.5.2
Repair Times and Service Continuity
306
7.5.3
Examples of Repair
307
7.6
Extensions
307
7.6.1
General
307
7.6.2
Work To Be Done When an Extension Is Planned from
Initial Design Stage
308
7.6.3
Work To Be Done When an Extension Is Not Anticipated
from Initial Design Stage
309
7.6.4
Service Continuity During Extension Work
310
7.6.5
Testing of Interface
311
7.7
GIS Retrofit or Upgrade
311
7.7.1
Introduction
311
7.7.2
Challenges with Old GIS
312
7.7.3
Retrofit or Upgrade
312
7.8
Overloading and Thermal Limits
315
7.8.1
General
315
7.8.2
Design for Continuous Rating Current
317
7.8.3
Determination of the Limits
317
7.8.4
Maximum Continuous Load Current
318
7.8.5
Short-Time Overload Capability
318
7.8.6
Equations/Formulae to Calculate Overloads
318

8
Applications
321
Hermann Koch, Peter Grossmann, Arun Arora, and Dave Solhtalab
8.1
General
321
8.2
Typical GIS Layouts
321
8.2.1
Single Bus Arrangement
322
8.2.2
Double Bus Arrangement
322
8.2.3
Ring Bus Arrangement
322
8.2.4
H-Scheme Arrangement
322
8.2.5
Breaker and a Half Arrangement
323
8.3
Reference Projects
324
8.3.1
500 kV Indoor GIS and 115 kV AIS
324
8.3.2
115 kV GIS Switching Station
327
8.3.3
345 kV and 4000 A Indoor Expendable Ring Bus GIS
333
8.3.4
69 kV and 3150 A Indoor Double Bus GIS
337
8.3.5
115 kV and 1200 A Container Ring Bus GIS
338
8.3.6
115 kV and 2000 A Outdoor Single Bus GIS
341
8.3.7
345 kV and 4000 A Indoor Breaker and Half-Scheme GIS
344
8.3.8
115 kV and 3150 A Indoor Ring Bus GIS
349

Contents
xi

8.3.9
69 kV and 2000 A Indoor Ring Bus GIS
352
8.3.10
138 kV and 230 kV Outdoor Ring Bus GIS
355
8.3.11
500 kV and 4000 A/8000 A Indoor Breaker and Third GIS
357
8.3.12
69 kV and 1600 A Outdoor Single Bus GIS
363
8.3.13
69 kV and 2000 A Underground GIS
364
8.3.14
69 kV GIS under Severe Environment
369
8.4
GIS Case Study
371
8.4.1
Public Service Electric and Gas Company – New Jersey
371
8.5
Mobile GIS
376
8.5.1
General
376
8.5.2
Containerized GIS
377
8.5.3
Truck-Mounted GIS
379
8.6
Mixed Technology Switchgear (MTS)
385
8.6.1
Introduction
385
8.6.2
Definition of MTS
386
8.6.3
MTS Design Features and Applications
388
8.6.4
MTS Application Examples
390
8.6.5
Conclusion
390
8.7
Future Developments
390
8.7.1
Reduction of Size
390
8.7.2
Simpler Design
394
8.7.3
Life Cycle Cost Evaluations
394
8.7.4
Functional Specification
395
8.7.5
Intelligent GIS
395
8.7.6
Integrated Electronic Devices
395
8.7.7
Rogowski Coil
396
8.7.8
Capacitive Divider
397
References
399

9
Other Topics
400
Hermann Koch, Venkatesh Minisandram, Arnaud Ficheux,
George Becker, Noboru Fujimoto, and Jorge Márquez-Sánchez
9.1
General
400
9.2
Environment
401
9.2.1
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
401
9.2.2
GIS Environmental Impact
404
9.2.3
Environmental Impact
410
9.3
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
412
9.3.1
Introduction
412
9.3.2
Scope
413
9.3.3
Coordination
413
9.3.4
Methodology
413
9.3.5
Procedure
416
9.3.6
Finalized LCCA
418
9.3.7
Reliability, Availability, Failure Rates,
and Cost
420

xii
Contents

9.4
Insulation Coordination Study
421
9.4.1
General
421
9.4.2
Overvoltages
422
9.4.3
Grounding
426
9.5
Very Fast Transients
426
9.5.1
General
426
9.5.2
Very Fast Transients in GIS
426
9.5.3
Transient Enclosure Voltage
432
9.6
Project Scope Development
437
9.6.1
Engineering Planning
437
9.6.2
Planning the GIS Project Construction and Installation
438
9.6.3
Site Preparation
439
9.6.4
Installation of the New GIS
440
9.6.5
Installation of GIS Extensions
441
9.6.6
Equipment Access
441
9.7
Risk-Based Asset Management of Gas Insulated Substations and Equipment
441
9.7.1
Introduction
441
9.7.2
Scope
441
9.7.3
Methodology
441
9.7.4
Assessing Risk
446
9.8
Health and Safety Impact
451
9.8.1
Risk of Burning
451
9.8.2
Risk of Breathing Toxic Gases
451
9.8.3
Risk of Touching Toxic Materials
452
9.8.4
Risk of Electric Shock
452
9.9
Electromagnetic Field
452
9.9.1
General
452
9.9.2
Electric Field in Operation
452
9.9.3
Electric Field during Short Circuit
452
9.9.4
Magnetic Field in Operation
453
9.9.5
Magnetic Field during Short Circuit
453
9.10 SF6 Decomposition Byproducts
453
9.10.1
General
453
9.10.2
Byproducts and Toxicity
454
9.10.3
Impact on Worker Protection
455
9.10.4
Gas Analysis
455
References
456

10
Conclusion
458
Hermann Koch

Further Reading
459
Devki Sharma

Index
463

Contents
xiii