ff VjjAKinAi.ni Citizen of the World A BIOGRAPHY ARIBALDI Citizen of the World A BIOGRAPHY 1 I f u n ( j \ u ^ p \ f ^ ^ ^ Translated by Allan Cameron could have WHAT ADVENTURE NOVELIST invented the life of Giuseppe Garibaldi? The revolutionary, soldier, politician, and greatest figure in the fight for Italian unification, Garibaldi (1807-1882) brought off almost as many dramatic exploits in the Americas as he did in Europe, becoming an international freedom fighter, earning the title of the “hero of two worlds,” and making himself perhaps the most famous and beloved man of his century. Alfonso Scirocco’s Garibaldi is the most up- to-date, authoritative, comprehensive, and convincing biography of Garibaldi yet written. In vivid narrative style and unprecedented detail, and drawing on many new sources that shed fresh light on important events, Scirocco tells the full story of Garibaldi’s fascinating public and private life, separating its myth-like reality from the outright myths that have surrounded Garibaldi since his own day. m - . * (continued on hack flap) - - -r GARIBALDI Italy in 1815 Translated by Allan Cameron Copyright © 2007 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire 0X20 1SY Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, Princeton University Press. All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scirocco, Alfonso. [Garibaldi. English] Garibaldi : citizen of the world / Alfonso Scirocco ; translated by Allan Cameron, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-11540-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 1807-1882. 2. Revolutionaries—Italy—Biography. 3. Statesmen—Italy—Biography. 4. Generals—Italy—Biography. 5. Italy—History—1849-1870. 1. Title. DG552.8.G2S3513 2001 945'.083092—dc22 [B] 2007013323 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available The translation of this work has been funded by Segretariato Europeo per le Pubblicazioni Scientifiche (SEPS) S E P S SEGRIIAStATO EUROPEO PER IS PUBBUCAZIOMt SOENTlffCHE Via Val dAposa 7 - 40123 Bologna, Italy. [email protected] - www.seps.it This book has been composed in Electra Printed on acid-free paper. °° press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 To my wife Angela, after fifty years of happy marriage Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from China-America Digital Academic Library (CADAL) https://archive.org/details/garibaldicitizenOOscir