Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective

881 Pages·2008·156.65 MB·English

by  Fred S. Kleiner

G A R D N E R ’ S
A RT
T H RO U G H T H E
A G E S
This page intentionally left blank
G A R D N E R ’ S
A RT
T H RO U G H T H E
A G E S
T H E W E S T E R N
P E R S P E C T I V E
T E
HIRTEENTH DITION
Fred S. Kleiner
Australia •Brazil •Japan •Korea •Mexico •Singapore •Spain•United Kingdom •United States
Élisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun,Self-Portrait,1790.Oil on canvas,8(cid:2)4(cid:3)(cid:4)6(cid:2)9(cid:3).Galleria degli Uffizi,
Florence.
A b o u t t h e C ove r A r t
Until recently,women artists appeared infrequently in introductory (and even in advanced) courses on
the history ofart.A bias in favor ofmen on the part ofpredominantly male art historians is a major rea-
son for this neglect,but other factors also explain the absence ofwomen artists in textbooks,including
ones written by women,for example,Helen Gardner’s Art through the Ages. Historically,women had
many fewer opportunities than men to train as artists,in large part because of social and moral con-
straints that forbade women to live as apprentices in the homes ofmale masters.And until the 20th cen-
tury,women were generally not permitted instruction in figure painting in formal art schools because it
involved the study ofthe nude male model.
Today,the list ofwomen artists in Art through the Agesis long,extending back to classical antiquity.
By the 17th century,Artemisia Gentileschi—who had to learn her craft from her father—had achieved
international renown,and by the end of the 18th century,even the French Royal Academy of Painting
and Sculpture began to admit women (although very few) as members. One of those was Élisabeth
Louise Vigée-Lebrun (1755–1842),who portrayed herselfin 1790 in fashionable clothes holding brushes
and palette,pausing for a moment to look directly at the viewer with the self-confidence of an artist
whose work has achieved acclaim and who enjoyed the patronage ofthe high-born throughout Europe.
In this Self-Portrait,Vigée-Lebrun is at work on a portrait ofQueen Marie Antoinette ofFrance.
For most ofthe history ofart,however,artists,both male and female,toiled in anonymity in the ser-
vice oftheir patrons,whether Egyptian pharaohs,Roman emperors,or medieval monks.Art through the
Agessurveys the art ofall periods from prehistory to the present and examines how artworks ofall kinds,
anonymous and signed,have always reflected the historical contexts in which they were created.
Gardner’s Art through the Ages:The Western ©2010,2006 Wadsworth,Cengage Learning
Perspective,Thirteenth Edition
Fred S.Kleiner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this work covered by the copyright
herein may be reproduced,transmitted,stored,or used in any form or by
any means graphic,electronic,or mechanical,including but not limited
Publisher:Clark Baxter
to photocopying,recording,scanning,digitizing,taping,Web distribution,
Senior Development Editor:Sharon Adams Poore information networks,or information storage and retrieval systems,
except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Assistant Editor:Kimberly Apfelbaum Copyright Act,without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Editorial Assistant:Nell Pepper
Senior Media Editor:Wendy Constantine For product information and technology assistance,contact us at
Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center,
Senior Marketing Manager:Diane Wenckebach
1-800-423-0563
Marketing Communications Manager:Heather Baxley For permission to use material from this text or product,submit all
requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Senior Project Manager,Editorial Production:Lianne Ames Further permissions questions can be emailed to
[email protected]
Art Director:Cate Rikard Barr
Senior Print Buyer:Judy Inouye
Library of Congress Control Number:2008936366
Production Service/Layout:Joan Keyes,
Dovetail Publishing Services
Student Edition
Text Designer:tani hasegawa ISBN-13:978-0-495-57355-5
ISBN-10:0-495-57355-8
Photo Researchers:Sarah Evertson,Stephen Forsling
Wadsworth
Cover Designer:tani hasegawa
25 Thomson Place
Cover Image:ÉLISABETHLOUISEVIGÉE-LEBRUN(1755–1842), Boston,MA 02210-1202
Self Portrait,1790.Oil on canvas.Galleria degli Uffizi, USA
Florence,Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library International.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson
Compositor:Thompson Type
Education,Ltd.
For your course and learning solutions,visit academic.cengage.com
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.ichapters.com
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
C O N T E N T S
PREFACE xiii (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Hammurabi’s Law Code 29
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Babylon, City of Wonders 34
INTRODUCTION
THE BIG PICTURE 37
WHAT IS ART HISTORY? xix
CHAPTER 3
Art History in the 21st Century xx
EGYPT UNDER
Different Ways of Seeing xxx
THE PHARAOHS 39
CHAPTER 1 The Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods 40
The Old Kingdom 45
ART BEFORE HISTORY 1
The Middle Kingdom 50
Paleolithic Art 1
The New Kingdom 53
Neolithic Art 10
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Paleolithic Cave Painting 6 First Millennium BCE 63
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Art in the Old Stone Age 7 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses
of Egypt 40
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The World’s Oldest
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Mummification and Immortality 43
Paintings? 8
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Building the Great Pyramids 46
THE BIG PICTURE 15
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Hatshepsut, the Woman Who Would
Be King 54
CHAPTER 2
THE BIG PICTURE 65
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 17
Sumer 18 CHAPTER 4
Akkad and the Third Dynasty of Ur 25 THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN 67
Second Millennium BCE 29 Cycladic Art 68
Assyria 31
Minoan Art 70
Neo-Babylonia and Persia 33
Mycenaean Art 76
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Archaeology, Art History, and the Art
of Mesopotamia 19
Market 69
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mesopotamian Seals 25 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: The Theran Eruption and the Chronology
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Enheduanna, Priestess and Poet 27 of Aegean Art 73
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: The Piety of Gudea 28 THE BIG PICTURE 83
vii
CHAPTER 5 (cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Roman Concrete Construction 161
ANCIENT GREECE 85 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Art for Former Slaves 163
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: An Eyewitness Account of the Eruption
Geometric and Orientalizing Periods 86
of Mount Vesuvius 165
Archaic Period 91 (cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Roman House 167
Early and High Classical Periods 104 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Role Playing in Roman Portraiture 174
Late Classical Period 123 (cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: The Golden House of Nero 179
Hellenistic Period 131 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Spectacles in the Colosseum 180
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses (cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Hadrian and Apollodorus of
of Mount Olympus 87 Damascus 189
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Greek Vase Painting 90 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Iaia of Cyzicus and the Art
of Encaustic Painting 195
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Greek Temple Plans 95
THE BIG PICTURE 207
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Doric and Ionic Orders 96
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Herakles, Greatest of Greek
CHAPTER 8
Heroes 106
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Hollow-Casting Life-Size LATE ANTIQUITY 209
Bronze Statues 108
Dura-Europos 209
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Polykleitos’s Prescription for the Perfect
Statue 110 The Catacombs and Funerary Art 211
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: The Hegeso Stele 120
Architecture and Mosaics 215
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Corinthian Capital 130
Luxury Arts 224
THE BIG PICTURE 141
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Jewish Subjects in Christian
Art 213
CHAPTER 6 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Life of Jesus in Art 216
THE ETRUSCANS 143 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mosaics 223
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Medieval Manuscript
Early Etruscan Art 144
Illumination 225
Later Etruscan Art 151 (cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Ivory Carving 227
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Etruscan Counterparts THE BIG PICTURE 229
of Greco-Roman Gods and Heroes 145
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Etruscan Artists in Rome 146
CHAPTER 9
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: The “Audacity” of Etruscan Women 147
BYZANTIUM 231
THE BIG PICTURE 155
Early Byzantine Art 232
CHAPTER 7 Middle Byzantine Art 247
Late Byzantine Art 255
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 157
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Pendentives and Squinches 235
Republic 159
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Theodora, a Most Unusual Empress 240
Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius 164
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: The Emperors of New Rome 243
Early Empire 174
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Icons and Iconoclasm 246
High Empire 183
THE BIG PICTURE 259
Late Empire 196
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: An Outline of Roman History 159
viii Contents
CHAPTER 10 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Romanesque Countesses, Queens,
and Nuns 326
THE ISLAMIC WORLD 261
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Embroidery
Early Islamic Art 262 and Tapestry 334
Later Islamic Art 272 THE BIG PICTURE 337
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Muhammad and Islam 263
CHAPTER 13
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Mosque 265
(cid:2) ARTISTS ON ART: Sinan the Great and the Mosque of GOTHIC EUROPE 339
Selim II 274
French Gothic 340
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Islamic Tilework 277
Gothic outside of France 364
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Christian Patronage of Islamic Art 282
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Abbot Suger and the Rebuilding
THE BIG PICTURE 283
of Saint-Denis 341
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Rib Vault 342
CHAPTER 11
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Scholasticism and Gothic Art
and Architecture 344
EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE 285
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Cathedral 347
Art of the Warrior Lords 285
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES:Stained-Glass Windows 350
Christian Art:Scandinavia,British Isles,Spain 288
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Louis IX, the Saintly King 360
Carolingian Art 293
THE BIG PICTURE 373
Ottonian Art 300
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Medieval Books 289 CHAPTER 14
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Four Evangelists 290
ITALY, 1200 TO 1400 375
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Charlemagne’s Renovatio Imperii
Romani 294 The 13th Century 375
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Medieval Monasteries The 14th Century 380
and Benedictine Rule 298
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Artists’ Names 376
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Theophanu, a Byzantine Princess
in Ottonian Germany 306 (cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Great Schism, Mendicant
Orders, and Confraternities 379
THE BIG PICTURE 307
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Fresco Painting 382
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Artists’ Guilds, Commissions,
CHAPTER 12
and Contracts 384
ROMANESQUE EUROPE 309 (cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Artistic Training in Renaissance Italy 388
France and Northern Spain 311 THE BIG PICTURE 395
Holy Roman Empire 323
CHAPTER 15
Italy 328
NORTHERN EUROPE,
Normandy and England 331
1400 TO 1500 397
(cid:2) ART AND SOCIETY: Pilgrimages and the Cult of Relics 310
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Timber Roofs and Stone Vaults 313 Burgundy and Flanders 397
(cid:2) WRITTEN SOURCES: Bernard of Clairvaux on Cloister France 410
Sculpture 316
Holy Roman Empire 412
(cid:2) ARCHITECTURAL BASICS:The Romanesque Church Portal 317
(cid:2) MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Tempera and Oil
(cid:2) RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Crusades 320
Painting 401
Contents ix