Games without frontiers: development, crisis and conflict in the African agro-pastoral belt

318 Pages·2018·4.18 MB·English

Crisis and Conflict in Agriculture

Crisis and Conflict in Agriculture
Edited by
Rami Zurayk
Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Eckart Woertz
CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs), Spain
and
Scientific Advisor to the Kuwait Chair at Sciences Po, Paris, France
Rachel Bahn
Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zurayk, Rami, editor. | Woertz, Eckart, editor. | Bahn, Rachel (Rachel
Anne), editor.
Title: Crisis and conflict in agriculture / edited by Rami Zurayk, Eckart
Woertz, Rachel Bahn.
Description: Boston, MA : CABI, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018015198| ISBN 9781786393647 (hardback) | ISBN
9781786393654 (epdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Agriculture and politics--Developing countries. | Rural
development--Developing countries. | Crops and climate--Developing
countries.
Classification: LCC HD1417 .C75 2018 | DDC 338.1/8091724--dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015198
ISBN-13: 9781786393647 (hbk)
9781786393654 (PDF)
9781786393661 (ePub)
Commissioning editor: David Hemming
Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editor: James Bishop
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Contents
List of Contributors vii
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction to the Volume xv
Part 1 Theoretical Exploration of and Methodological Approaches
to Agriculture, Crisis and Conflict 1
1 Agriculture, Conflict and the Agrarian Question in the 21st Century 3
Rachel Bahn and Rami Zurayk
2 Geopolitics, Food and Agriculture 28
Eckart Woertz
3 Climate Change and Conflict: Agriculture, Migration and Institutions 40
Martin Smidt and Ole Magnus Theisen
4 Water, Agriculture and Conflict: Global, National and Local Analysis
of Conflict in MENA, sub-Saharan Africa and the United States 53
Martin Keulertz
5 Illegal Drug Plant Cultivation and Armed Conflicts: Case Studies from
Asia and Northern Africa 64
Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy
6 Remote Sensing and GIS-based Technologies for Assessing the Impact
of Conflict on Agricultural Production 73
Hadi Jaafar
Part 2 Case Studies on Agriculture, Crisis and Conflict 89
Middle East and North Africa
7 The ‘Arab Spring’ in North Africa: Egypt and Tunisia 91
Ray Bush
v
vi Contents
8 Degraded Capital Formation: the Achilles’ Heel of Syria’s Agriculture 105
Linda Matar
9 Crisis and Agricultural Change in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq,
1980s–2010s: an Interdisciplinary Approach 118
Lina Eklund and Katharina Lange
10 Yemen’s Agricultural World: Crisis and Prospects 131
Max Ajl
11 Farming for Freedom: the Shackled Palestinian Agricultural Sector 144
Alaa Tartir
Pastoral Belts in Africa and Central Asia
12 Games without Frontiers: Development, Crisis and Conflict in the African
Agro-Pastoral Belt 157
Michele Nori and Edoardo Baldaro
13 Border Change and Conflict in Central Asia: the Case of Agro-Pastoral
Communities in Cross-Border Areas of the Ferghana Valley 176
Asel Murzakulova and Irène Mestre
South and Southeast Asia
14 Conflict and Resistance in Southern Punjab: a Political
Ecology of the 2010 Floods in Pakistan 190
Ali Nobil Ahmad
15 India: Rural Roots of Naxalite–Maoist Insurgency 203
Archana Prasad
16 Agrarian Transition, Adaptation and Contained Conflict in Cambodia
and Vietnam since the 1990s 214
Christophe Gironde
Latin America
17 Beyond Displacement by Armed Conflict: the Relationship Between
Environmental, Economic and Armed Displacement in Colombia 232
Carolina Castro Osorio and Edinso Culma
18 Prior Consultation and the Defence of Indigenous Lands in Latin America 246
Marcela Torres Wong
19 The Political Mediation of Indigenous Land Conflicts in Argentina 261
Matthias vom Hau
Europe
20 The Role of Land Reform in Rural Development: Promoting Productivity
or Democracy? 275
Matthew Hoffman
Index 287
List of Contributors
Ali Nobil Ahmad is a Fellow at the Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient, Berlin. His research focuses
on the politics of resources in Pakistan’s peripheries. He was previously Visiting Professor of South
Asian Studies at Brandeis University, Assistant Professor of History at the Lahore University of
Management Sciences, and a recipient of the Scott Trust Bursary for journalists. In 2017, he cu-
rated ‘anthropoSCENE’, a festival of films and talks on climate justice sponsored by the Rosa Lux-
embourg Foundation, and has made two short documentaries on the political ecology of Southern
Punjab. He received his PhD from the European University Institute in Florence.
Contact: Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient, Kirchweg 33, 14129 Berlin, Germany. Email: alino-
[email protected] or [email protected]
Max Ajl is a doctoral student in the Department of Development Sociology at Cornell University. His
dissertation is on colonial underdevelopment, the transition to independence, and post-colonial
planning in Tunisia, especially in the rural sector. His writings have been published in Review of
African Political Economy, Middle East Report, and Journal of Peasant Studies, amongst other aca-
demic and non-academic fora. He is an editor at Jadaliyya and Viewpoint.
Contact: Cornell University, Department of Development Sociology, 240 Warren Hall, 137 Reser-
voir Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States. Email: [email protected]
Rachel Bahn is the coordinator of the Food Security Program and an instructor of agribusiness at
the American University of Beirut. Her research interests include food security and food systems,
and economic policies and programming in developing country contexts. Previously based in
Washington, DC, she served as an economist with the United States Department of Treasury and
the United States Agency for International Development. She holds degrees from the Johns Hop-
kins University School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and from Saint Joseph's Universi-
ty in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Contact: Rachel Bahn, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. Email: [email protected]
Edoardo Baldaro is a research fellow in International Relations at the University of Naples ‘L’Ori-
entale’ - Department of Human and Social Sciences. He holds a PhD in Political Sciences from the
Scuola Normale Superiore - Institute of Human and Social Sciences (Florence). His main research
interests are critical security studies, foreign policy analysis (strategies and decision-making),
North–South relations, African politics, region-building processes, statehood and authority in
Africa. He is currently affiliated to the research project ‘STREETPOL: Participatory challenges from
Tunisia to Oman’ and the Scientific Independence of Young Researchers (SIR) program funded by
the Italian Ministry for Higher Education and Research.
vii
viii List of Contributors
Contact: University of Naples ‘L’Orientale’, Department of Human and Social Sciences,
Largo San Giovanni Maggiore 30, 80134 Naples, Italy. Email: [email protected]
Ray Bush is Professor of African Studies and Development Politics at the University of Leeds. He
works in and on Africa and the Near East with particular focus on the political economy of rural
development, economic transformation and alternative development strategies. He is a member of
the editorial working group of the Review of African Political Economy and edits the Critical Agrar-
ian Studies page for www.roape.net.
Contact: School of Politics and International Studies (POLIS), University of Leeds.
Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected]
Carolina Castro Osorio holds a Master’s in sociology from the National University of Colombia.
She was a researcher at the National Center for Historical Memory and the Office of the High Com-
missioner for Peace. Her work has focused on research in culture, both in the aesthetic and anthro-
pological senses. She has worked as faculty chair of public policy on culture in the Universidad
Externado de Colombia. She belongs to the research group of environmental history at National
University of Colombia, and is currently a researcher at the Secretary of Culture in Bogotá.
Contact: Secretary of Culture, Carrera 8 No. 8-55, Bogotá, Colombia. Email: [email protected]
Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy, PhD, is a geographer and research fellow at CNRS-Prodig, Paris, France.
He is the author of Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy (2009/2010, London/Cambridge:
I.B. Tauris/Harvard University Press) and numerous articles on both illegal opium production and
cannabis cultivation in the world. His work can be consulted at www.geopium.org.
Contact: Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), PRODIG Research team, 2, rue
Valette, 75005 Paris, France. Email: [email protected]
Edinso Culma is a sociologist and holds a Master’s in anthropology. His work and academic inter-
ests include research and intervention projects related to political violence; the internal Colombi-
an armed conflict; drug-trafficking and the study of socio-economic and cultural issues in the
Amazon region. He has worked for the IOM-ICBF by accompanying families and rural communi-
ties from the municipality of San Miguel (Putumayo) with the objective of seeking strategies that
counter the illegal recruitment of children and youth to armed groups; with the Murui of Putu-
mayo and Caquetá in the process of elaborating an Ethnic Safeguarding Plan; and is currently
researcher for the National Center for Historical Memory.
Contact: Cra 31a #25a-44, Bogotá, Colombia. Email: [email protected]
Lina Eklund is a Physical Geography researcher working at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies
(CMES) at Lund University and at the Department of Planning at Aalborg University. For her PhD
she conducted research on the link between people and land in Iraqi Kurdistan. Her current re-
search is placed within the fields of land system science and environmental security. With the use
of satellite images and spatial methods she explores the potential connections between drought,
migration, land use, and conflict in Syria and Iraq.
Contact: Lund University, Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES), Box 201, 221 00,
Lund, Sweden. Email: [email protected] or [email protected]
Christophe Gironde is a political economist, currently working as a senior lecturer at the Graduate
Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva. His main domains of inter-
est are agrarian change and human development. He has extensive field research experience
in rural Vietnam and Cambodia, and previously in the Republic of Congo and Burundi. Before
joining IHEID in 2004, he worked four years as a researcher in Norway (Fafo, International Studies)
and lived two years in Vietnam (1996–97) in the frame of his doctoral thesis. He is currently
working on the process of land commercialization and their consequences on rural livelihoods in
Cambodia and Ghana.
Contact: The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Case Postale 1672,
1211 Genève 1, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]
Matthew Hoffman is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Economics at the
University of Southern Maine and a visiting scholar at RURALIS Institute for Rural and Regional
Research in Trondheim, Norway. Prof. Hoffman received his MS and PhD in Rural Sociology from
List of Contributors ix
Cornell University. His research focuses on property rights, natural resource governance, and insti-
tutions for collaborative decision making in landscapes fragmented by private property. At the Uni-
versity of Southern Maine he teaches courses on food systems and social justice in the Food Studies
Program.
Contact: RURALIS – Institute for Rural and Regional Research, Universitetssenteret Dragvoll,
Loholt Alle 81 (4. etg), N-7049 Trondheim, Norway. Email: [email protected]
Hadi Jaafar has international and Middle Eastern expertise in hydrology, irrigation engineering and
water resources management; he has managed water rights adjudication projects for government
agencies in the United States and worked on several strategic water resources and irrigation projects
in many countries in the Middle East. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Irrigation and Water
Management at the Department of Agriculture at the American University of Beirut, with research
interests focusing on remote sensing and GIS applications in agriculture, water and food security.
Contact: American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. Email: [email protected]
Martin Keulertz is Assistant Professor of food security at the American University of Beirut. He
previously worked as a post-doctoral research fellow at Purdue University (USA) and Humboldt
University Berlin (Germany). He obtained his PhD at King’s College London (UK) in 2013 with a
thesis on foreign direct investment in Sudanese agriculture by Jordan and Qatar. He earned an
MSc in Middle East Politics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)
and a BA in Political and Social Sciences at the University of Wales, Bangor. Martin’s research in-
terests centre around the water-food-energy nexus with a particular focus on the Arab world,
North America and Sub-Sahara Africa. He has published on the global political economy of water
and food. He is an associate editor of the journal Food Security (Springer Link) and editor of the
Handbook of Water, Food and Society (OUP, 2017).
Contact: American University of Beirut, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. Email: [email protected]
Katharina Lange is a research fellow at the Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO) in Berlin
where she heads an interdisciplinary group of researchers investigating The Politics of Resources.
An anthropologist by training, she has conducted extensive fieldwork in Syria and, more recently,
in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Her current research project ‘(Re)valuations of Land in the Kurd-
istan Region, Iraq’ is an ethnographic exploration of shifting valuations of land in the Kurdistan
Region, using biographical and family history interviews as well as participant observation.
Contact: Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient, Kirchweg 33, 14129 Berlin, Germany.
Email: [email protected]
Linda Matar is a Senior Research Fellow at National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute.
She is also a Lecturer at National University of Singapore’s College of Alice and Peter Tan. Her re-
search and teaching involve the political economy and economic development of the Arab Near
East and Southeast Asia. She is the author of The Political Economy of Investment in Syria (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2016). She obtained her PhD in Economics from the School of Oriental and African
Studies (SOAS), University of London.
Contact: National University of Singapore (NUS), 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Block B, unit 06-06,
Singapore 119620. Email: [email protected]
Irène Mestre is a geographer from Jean Moulin-Lyon III University, Research Unit UMR 5 600 Envi-
ronnement-Ville-Société (Lyon, France). She is also affiliated to the French Institute of Research
on Central Asia (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan). Her main fields of expertise are pasture management and
conflicts over natural resources.
Contact: Université Jean Moulin-Lyon 3, Research Unit UMR 5600 Environnement Ville Société,
18 rue Chevreul, 69007 Lyon, France. Email: [email protected]
Asel Murzakulova is a Senior Research Fellow with the Mountain Societies Research Institute of
the University of Central Asia (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) and co-founder of the analytical club ‘Mongu’.
She is involved in research on the management of natural resources, conflicts and the impact of
migration on agriculture.