Games Real Actors Play This page intentionally left blank Theoretical Lenses on Public Policy Series Editor, Paul Sabatier Games Real Actors Play: Actor-Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research, Fritz W. Scharpf Other People's Money: Policy Change, Congress, and Bank Regulation, Jeffrey Worsham Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Approach, edited by Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective, Elinor Ostrom, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynn Parties, Policies, and Democracy, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Richard I, Hofferbert, and Ian Budge This page intentionally left blank Games Real Actors Play Actor-Centered Institutionalism in Policy Research Fritz W. Scharpf ^JXfestview v / A Member of the Perseus Books Group Theoretical Lenses on Public Policy All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be repro duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright © 1997 by Westview Press, A Member of Perseus Books Group Published in 1997 in the United States of America by Westview Press, 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301-2877, and in the United Kingdom by Westview Press, 12 Hid's Copse Road, Cumnor Hill, Oxford 0X2 9]J A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8133-6879-0 (he) ISBN 0-8133-9968-8 (pbi The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984. PERSEUS POD ON DEMAND 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 To Marlene This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables and Figures xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Policy Research in the Face of Complexity 19 2 Actor-Centered Institutionalism 36 3 Actors 51 4 Actor Constellations 69 5 Unilateral Action in Anarchic Fields and Minimal Institutions 97 6 Negotiated Agreements 116 7 Decisions by Majority Vote 151 8 Hierarchical Direction 171 9 Varieties of the Negotiating State 195 Appendix I: A Game-Theoretical Interpretation of Inflation and Unemployment in Western Europe 217 Appendix 2: Efficient Self-Coordination in Policy Networks— A Simulation Study, with Matthias Mohr 245 References 281 About the Book and Author 303 Index 305 tx
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