Game Programming All in One

991 Pages·2002·9.037 MB·English

by  Bruno Miguel Teixeira de Sousa

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Team-Fly®
Game
Programming
All in One
Bruno Miguel Teixeira de Sousa
© 2002 by Premier Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval system without written permission from Premier Press, except for the
inclusion of brief quotations in a review.
Premier Press, Inc. is a registered trademark of Premier Press, Inc.
Publisher:Stacy L. Hiquet
Marketing Manager: Heather Buzzingham
Managing Editor:Sandy Doell
Acquisitions Editor:Mitzi Foster
Series Editor: André LaMothe
Project Editor:Heather Talbot
Technical Reviewer:André LaMothe
Copy Editor: Jenny Davidson
Interior Layout:Marian Hartsough
Cover Design:Mike Tanamachi
CD-ROM Producer:Keith Davenport
Indexer: Kelly Talbot
Proofreaders:Anne Owen, Fran Blauw, Linda Seifert
Microsoft, DirectX, DirectSound, and DirectInput are registered trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
Jasc and Paint Shop Pro are trademarks or registered trademarks of Jasc Software, Inc.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Important:Premier Press cannot provide software support. Please contact the appropriate software
manufacturer’s technical support line or Web site for assistance.
Premier Press and the author have attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trade-
marks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer.
Information contained in this book has been obtained by Premier Press from sources believed to be
reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Premier
Press, or others, the Publisher does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any
information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from use of
such information. Readers should be particularly aware of the fact that the Internet is an ever-chang-
ing entity. Some facts may have changed since this book went to press.
ISBN: 1-931841-23-3
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001096486
Printed in the United States of America
02 03 04 05 06 RI 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
De todas as coisas que quero,
és a única coisa que eu preciso.
Para ti, Ana.
Acknowledgments
N
ow is the time I should go up to the stage, get the Oscar, and recite a book-
length script of all the people that helped make this book. However, the
thank you would probably be as big as this book, so to prevent from forgetting any-
one, I would like to thank everyone that directly or indirectly made this book possi-
ble.
On the technical side, I would like to thank the people at Premier Press for giving
me the opportunity to write this book. I would also like to thank my editors, Emi
Smith, Mitzi Foster, Heather Talbot, and Jenny Davidson for all their patience and
all they had to put up with. (Yes, the usual delays and the incessant questions.)
Please remember that what you are reading is not a book that I wrote myself, but
one that comprises the work of many talented people who are usually forgotten.
I would also like to thank André LaMothe for reviewing the book.
On the personal side, I would like to thank my mom and dad for their support and
love during my life, and of course, for paying those enormous Internet bills when I
was still learning game programming.
I would also like to thank all of my friends and relatives for their support not only
with the book, but also with my life. I would like to send a special thanks to Diana
for always being there for me whenever I needed her.
Last, and probably most important, I would like to thank Ana for her love, support,
patience, and just about everything. I love you from the bottom of my heart.
About the Author
BRUNO MIGUEL TEIXEIRA DE SOUSA began programming at age 11. Although he
began his programming career at age 15 as a database programmer in Visual Basic,
he never lost his passion for game development. Two years later, he began a full-
time career performing general game programming for a UK-based company. He
has been using C++ for more than 4 years and remains an avid game hobbyist.
RONALD PENTON wrote Chapter 17. Ron started programming on his Tandy 1000TL
way back in 1989, when he became interested in making games, rather than just
playing them. Ever since then, he has been on a never-ending quest to learn more
about computers and become more efficient at programming them. He started
school at the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1998, and is currently finishing
his bachelor’s degree in computer science at The University of Buffalo.
Contents at a Glance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi
Part One
C++ Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to C++ Programming. . . . . 3
Chapter 2 Variables and Operators. . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 3 Functions and Program Flow . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 4 Multiple Files and the
Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Chapter 5 Arrays, Pointers, and Strings. . . . . 107
Chapter 6 Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 7 Developing Monster . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 8 Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 9 Basic Software Architecture . . . . . 279
Part Two
Windows Programming . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Chapter 10 Designing Your Game
Library: Mirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Chapter 11 Beginning Windows Programming . . . . 317
Chapter 12 Introduction to DirectX . . . . . . . . . 357
Chapter 13 DirectX Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Chapter 14 DirectInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Chapter 15 DirectSound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Contents at a Glance ix
Part Three
Hardcore Game Programming . . . . . . 595
Chapter 16 Introduction to Game Design . . . . . . 597
Chapter 17 Data Structures and
Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Chapter 18 The Mathematical Side of Games . . . 661
Chapter 19 Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Chapter 20 Introduction to Physics Modeling . . . 723
Chapter 21 Building Breaking Through . . . . . . . 791
Chapter 22 Publishing Your Game . . . . . . . . . . 851
Part Four
Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
Appendix A What’s on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . 865
Appendix B Debugging Using Microsoft
Visual C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870
Appendix C Binary, Hexadecimal, and
Decimal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874
Appendix D A C Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Appendix E Answers to the Exercises . . . . . . . 885
Appendix F C++ Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Appendix G Useful Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895
Appendix H More Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Contents

Letter from the Series Editor . . . . . . . xxxiv

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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi
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Part One

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C++ Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Chapter 1

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Introduction to C++ Programming . . . 3
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Why Use C++?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Setting Up Visual C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Creating a Workspace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Creating Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Creating and Adding Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Your First Program:“Hello all you happy people” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Structure of a C++ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Program Design Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Program Source and Compiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Objects and Linking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Executable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Commenting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Catching Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Team-Fly®
Contents xi
Chapter 2
Variables and Operators . . . . . . 25
Variables and Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
What Type of Variables Are There? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Using Variables in Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Declaring a Variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Using Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Initializing Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Variable Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Const . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Variable Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Redefining Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
What Is an Operator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Assignment Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Mathematical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Compound Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Bitwise Shift Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Relational Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Conditional Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Operator Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Questions and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48