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Gambling Behaviour and Factors Associated with Problem Gambling among Older Adults PDF

157 Pages·2012·8.15 MB·English
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Gambling Behaviour and Factors Associated with Problem Gambling among Older Adults by Jamie Wiebe A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy Department of Community Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Manitoba Wimipeg, Manitoba @May2002 Nratonar,Library l*I nat¡onare Ffåilååå" and Acquisitions Acquisitions et BibiiographicServices servicesbibliographiques Skeet 395 Wel¡inglon 395, rue Wellington 0t.¡4 Ottâ\¡ra ON KIA Ottawa ON KIA 0N4 canada canada voutiJê vot êtétèt t.ê Ou fle I'totte rélétoâ¿â non- The author has granted a L'auteur a accordé une licence non the exclusive licence allowing exclusive permettant à la to National Library of Canada Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de sell reproduce, loan, disfribute or reproduire, prêter, dishibuer ou microform, copies ofthis thesis in vendre des copies de cette thèse sous formats. paper or electronic la forme de microfiohe/fiJm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. the Ihe author retains ownership of L'auteur conserye la propriété du the copyright in this thesis. Neither droit d'autew qui protège cette thèse. it thesis nor substautial exEacts from Ni la thèse ni des extaits substantiels otherwise may be printed or de celle-ci ne doivent ête imprimés author's reproduced without the ou autrement reproduits s¿üls son permission. autorisation. 0-612-79913-1 Canad'ä THE IJNTVERSITY OF MÄMTOBA FACULTY OF GRÄDUATE STUDIES * tr t<** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE Gambling Behaviour and Factors Associated with Problem Gambting among Older Adults BY Jamie Wiebe A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies ofThe University of Manitoba in partial fulfìllnent of the requirements ofthe degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JAMIE WIEBE @2002 Permission has been granted to the Library of The University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library ofCanada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the filn, and to University Microfilm Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither this thesis/practicum nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the authorrs written permission, Abstract The recent widespread expansion of gambling in North America has generated concernSaboutpotentialsocialandeconomicimpacts.onegloupthathasbeenidentified as potentially at-risk ofbeing negatively impacted by gambling expansion is older adults (Kom and Shaffer, 1999). This shrdy had three main objectives: to examine the gambling pattems ofolder adults, to identify factors associated with gambling and problem gambling, and to examine the appropriateness ofusing existing measures ofproblem ì gamblingwithanolderadultpopulation'Thedataweredrawnfromresearchconductedby the Addictions Foundation of Manitoba in which telephone interviews were conducted with a sample of5,000 older adults, 60 years and older, throughout the province. problem gambling was determined from scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised (SOGS-R) (Lesieur and Blume, 1987). The results showed gambling to be a fairly common activityamongolderadults,with74.7%oofparticipantshavinggambledintheyearpriorto higher the study. Compared to nongamblers, gamblers tended to be younger, have ' incomes,havecompletedhighschool,belesslikelytobesingle,andbemorelikelyto consumealcoho1andtobacco.ofthetotalsample,1'6,'/oweregamblingatproblem1evels' i; and a further 1.2o/o were gambling at probable pathological levels. A series of logistic ; regressions were conducted to examine factors associated with nonproblem and problem gambling. The results revealed few differences between those gambling at nonproblem and problem levels. Problem gamblers were more likely to be male and reporl feelings of anxiety and depression. There were no differences related to income, social suppofi, education, employrnent, age, location ofresidence, perceived health statr.rs or substance use. Finally, inspection of the psychometric properties ofthe SOGS-R showecl that the instrument might not be an appropriate tool for assessing problem gambling among older adults. The results from this study highlight areas for fuither research as well as identify directions for public awareness messages, prevention initiatives and treatment strategies for older adults. Acknorvledgmenfs I am gratefrrl to so many people for the assistance and support they provided me in completing this dissertation. my Most importantly, I want to acknowledge the enolmous contributions of , commitment advisor, Dr. Ron Norton. Dr. Norton provided endless support, direction and : to this project. He has been a true mentor, and the knowledge and lessons I gained from research. him will prove invaluable to me as I continue my career in l I want to thank my committee, Dr. Barbara Payne and Dr. Kue Young for their .: : insightfulreviewsandencouragement.Theircontributionsgreatlyenhancedthequalityof this dissertation. I am also very grateful to my external advisor, Dr. Harold Wyrure. As one : significantly ofthe leading experts in the gambling research field, Dr. Wynne's feedback : improved this dissertation. I want to thank the Addictions Foundation of Manitoba (AFM), with a special thanks to John Borody. I relied on John's suppoft thoughout this entire process. IwanttothanktheResponsibleGamblingCouncil(ontario)andtheCanadian also Centre on Substance Abuse, with special thanks to Jon Kelly and Michel Per¡on. I :. ¡ Agata want to acknowledge the outstanding contribution of my co-worker at the RGC(O), ... me. l Falkowski-Ham. She was a constant source of assistance and support to Last,butdefinitelynotleast,Icouldnothavedonethiswithoutmyfamily(mom, DaleandKris)andmyfriendswhobelievedthatIcoulddoit(often,molesothanI)and t. whoprovidedenduringsrtppofiandencouragement.Ilvanttogiveaveryspecialthanksto PeterVernonforhisencouragementandforsharingthisincredib1yimpor1antpar1ofmy life. TABLE OX'CONTENTS Abstract Acknorvledgments Table of Contents List of Tables vu List of Figures ix I: CHÀPTER Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2: Literature Revierv 5 Gambling participation 7 Measurement of Problem Gambling 11 Prevalence of Problem Gambling 14 Conceptual Framework for Understanding Problem Gambling 18 Determinants of Health and Problem Gambling 23 Income and Social Status 23 Social Support Networks 24 Education ¿) Employment and Working Conditions ¿o Biology and Genetic Endowments 28 Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills 29 Physical Environment 30 Healthy Child Development 30 Health Services 31 Research Questions 32 CHAPTER3: Methodology 33 Sampling 33 Procedures 35 Data Description 36 Data Analysis 39 Definition of Terms 4l Design Limitations 43 CHAPTER 4: Results 45 Gambling Patterns 45 Gambling Prevalence (nongamblers, nonproblem, problem and probable pathological gamblers) 46 Gambling Activities 46 Time and Money Spent 50 Reasons for Gambling 52 SOGS-R Properties 56 Factors Related to ProbÌem Gambling 60 NonGamblers and Gamblers 61 Income and Social Status 61 Social Support oz Education 63 Employment and Working Conditions 63 Biology and Genetic Endowment 64 Physical Environment 6s Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills 65 NonProblem and P¡oblem Gamblers 67 Income and Social Status 67 Social Support 68 Education 69 Employment and Working Conditions 70 Biology and Genetic Endowment 71 Physical Environment 72 Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills 73 Predictors of Problem versus Nonproblem Gambling 76 Income and Social Status 81 Social Support 82 Education 82 Employment and Working Conditions 82 Biology and Genetic Endowment 83 Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills 83 Physical Environment 8s Factors Associated wilh Percent of Income Spent on Gambling 85 CHAPTER 5: Discussion 89 Gambling Pattems 89 SOGS-R Properties 95 Factors Related to Problem Gambling 98 Future Research 101 References 104 Appendix A: SOGS-R Questions 110 Appendix B: Telephone Questionnaire 115 Appendix C: Pair Wise Comparison l3t LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Problem Gambling Rates in Canada and Elsewhere 15 Table 3.1: Comparison of the Manitoba Population Age 60 and Over with the Study Sample by Region J+ Table 3.2: Comparison by Age between the Actual Population and Study Sample J) Table 3.3: Indicators of the Determinants of Health Table 3.4: Logistic Regression Predictor Variables 40 Table 4.1: Participation in Gambling Activities by gambling Category in the Past 12 Months 47 Table 4,22 Weekly Gambling by Gambling Category 49 Table 4.3: Money Spent on Gambling in an Average Month by Gambling Category 51 Table 4.42 Amount of Time Spent Gambling by Gambling Category 52 Table 4.5: Reasons for Gambling by Gambling Category 53 Table 4.6: ImpoÍance of Gambling as an Activity by Gambling Category 54 Table 4,72 Gambling Now Compared to 10 Years Ago 55 Table 4.8: Endorsement of SOGS-R Items by Gambling Category >/ Table 4.9: Frequency of SOGS-R Item Endorsement by Level of SOGS-R Score s9 Table 4.10: Factor Loading for SOGS-R Items 60 Table 4.11: Household income by Gambling Participation 61 Table 4zl2: Marital Status by Gambling Participation 62 Table 4:13: Having Someone to Talk to When Dealing with Problem by Gambling Parlicipation 62 Table 4:14: Educational Attainment by Gambling Participation 63 Table 4:15: Employment Status by Gambling Participation OJ Table 4:16: Gender by Garnbling Parlicipation 64 Table 4:17: Age by Gambling Participation 64 Table 4.18: Regional Distribution by Gambling Participation 65 Table 4.19: Health Status by Gambling Participation 65 Table 4,20: Feeling Anxious, Upset or Depressecl by Gambling Participation 66 Table 4.21: Substance Use by Gambling Participation 67 Table 4.22: Household lncome by Garnbling Categoly 68 Table 4,23: Marital Status by Gambling Category 68 Table 4.241 Wliethel respondents can talk to family or a friend about problems they are having by garnbling category 69 Table 4.25: Education by Gambling Category 70 Table 4.26: Employment StatLrs by Garnbling Categoly 70 Table 4.27: Genclel by Gambling Category 71 Table 4.28: Age Breakclorvn by Gambling Categoty 72 Table 4.29: Regional Distribution by Gambling Category 72 Table 4.30: Ratings of Health Status by Gambling Category IJ Table 4.31: Feeling Anxious, Upset or Depressed by Gambling Categor.y t4 Table 4.321 Substance Use by Gambling Categor.y IJ Table 4.33: Multiple Analysis (SOGS Score by Health Determinants) 77 Table 4.34: Biology and Genetic Endowment Logistic Model 83 Table 4.35: Personal Health Practices and Coping Styles Logistic Model 84 Table 4.36: Full model-Predictors of Percent of Income Spent on Gambling 87 Table 4.37: Reduced Model---Predictors of Percent of Income Spent on Gambling 88 Table 5.1: Comparison of Gambling Prevalence Rates 90 C,4,1: Participation in Gambling Activities by Gambling Category 132 C.4.22 Weekly Gambling by Gambling Category 133 C.4,3: $ Spent on Gambling in an Average Month by Gambling Category 134 C.4.4: Amount of Time Spent Gambling by Gambling Category 134 C.4.5: Reasons for Gambling by Gambling Category 13s C.4.6: lmportance of Gambling as an Activity by Gambling Category 135 C.4.7: Gambling Now Compared to l0 Years Ago by Gambling Category 136 C.4.11: Household Income by Gambling Participation 136 C.4,12: Marital Status by Gambling Participation tJ I C.4.14: Educational Attainment by Gambling Participation 137 C,4,17: Age by Gambling Participation 138 C.4.21: Substance Use by Gambling Participation t38 C.4.22: Household Income by Gambling Category 139 C.4.25: Education by Gambling Category 140 C.4.27: Gend,er by Gambling Category 141 C,4,28: Age by Gambling Category t42 C.4.30: Rating of Health by Gambling Category 143 C.4.31: Feeling Anxious, Upset or Depressed by Gambling Category 144 C.4.32: Substance Use by Gambling Category r4s

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Faculty of Medicine Neither the droit d'autew qui protège cette thèse. Centre on Substance Abuse, with special thanks to Jon Kelly and Michel Per¡on lotteries and raffles, casinos, slot machines and bingos (Marshall, 1 998). for the key factors that seemed to determine health statr"rs: lifesty
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