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Gall-feeding habits in Lepidoptera of Japan. IV : Tortricid moths reared from two cecidomyiid fruit-galls collected in late autumn PDF

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Preview Gall-feeding habits in Lepidoptera of Japan. IV : Tortricid moths reared from two cecidomyiid fruit-galls collected in late autumn

TThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan ut8tw Trans.Iepid.Soc.Japan 55 (4):280-284,September20e4 Gall-feedin hgabits in Lepidoptera of Japan. IV: [Ibrtrici dmoths reared from two cecidomyiid fruit-gali closllected in late autumn Kazuo YAMAzAKi' )and Shinj iSuGiuRA2) i' Osaka City Institu otfe Publi cHealt hand Environrnent aSlciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji, Osaka, 543-O026 Japan i) Laborator yof Fores tEcology ,Graduate School of Agricultur eK,yoto Uniyersity, Sakyo-ku, Kyote. 606-8502 Japan Abstract This study examined tortricjds reared from two cecidomyiid fruit-ga lclolslected in late autumn. 1) The ftui tgall sof a cecidomyiid on the herb Achyranthe s,foponic a(Amaranthaceae) were sampled on 16 October and 20 November, and reared in the laboratory .The galls were fed on by the 1arva eef two tortricid species, Lobesia aelopa Meyrick and Adoxophyes dubia Yasuda and the attack rate was les sthan 5%. In addition, since the 1arva eof the gal lmidge had already matured on 16 October and most larvae had egressed from the gall sby 20 November, the tortricids imposed littl neegative effect on the cecidomyiid larvae. 2) Adoxqphyes d"bia emerged from the frui tgalls of a cecidemyiid, Asterulobia sp. on the liana 7}"achetospermum asiatic"m (Apo- cynaceae), The larv aofA. dubia bored into and fed on gal 1tissu eand the gall was considerably damaged. However, mest cecidomyiid larvae matured or had already exited the galls .In addition, the attack rate was 8.3% (IV!12 )T.hese two tortricid species are faeultati cveecidophages that primarily utilize normal plant tissues rather than plant galls .The tortrici d1arva emay feed on gall tissues as an alternatiye food source due to a dearth of fresh leaves in late autumn. Key words Frui tgalls f,acultati cveecidophages, Tortricid aLeo,besia aelopa, Adoxophyes dubia, Introduction Plant ga]l sare usually palatab lteo herbivore sand contain more nitrogen, sugar and less defensi vcehemicals than normal plant tissues, although there are some exceptions (Mani, 1964; Abrahamson & Weis, 1987; Price et al,, 1987). Galls bear nutritjous undilferentiated tissue seven during autumn and winter when plant growth ceases, Therefore ,several herbivore sappear to utilize gall sas a food source especially during these seasons. However, records of gal1-feedi nLgepidopter afrom lat eautumn to winter are scarce. The [Ibrtricid iase a species-rich microlepidopteran family whose members haye various host taxa, host ranges and voltinism (Scobl e19,92; Yasuda, 1998a): Many tortrici dspecies exhibit concealment activities such as leaftierin agnd boring .Their host plant scomprise divers eangiosperms and gymnosperms (phaneroga masnd) their host ranges also vary depending on the species from monophagy to polyphagy .Many tortrici dlarvae emerge in the spring and feed on newly emerged leaves ,but some species pass several generation pser year ,Thus, tortrici dlarva eare likel yto have many chances to encounter, bore into and feed on various plant gatls .Tb our knowledge, among the lepidoptera fnamiIie smembers of the rlbrtricidae are most frequentl yreported as cecidophages (e .g. Ybshiyasu ,1987; Clancy, 1993; Abe, 1995; Sugiura & Yamazaki, 2e02). The larva eof multivoltine tomicid species occur in autumn as well as in the spring and feed on plant tissues. Therefbre, some multivoltine tortricid larvae may use gall sas a fbod source from late autumn to winter. We fbund two gall-feeding tortrici dspecies from two differe ngtall scollected in lat eautumn. In this report, their cecidophagous (gall-fee dhiabnigts) are recorded, NNIII-IE-leEcltreoncitcronic LMbirabrryary Service TThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan Gall-feedin Hgabits in Lepidoptera of Japan (4) 281 ' Tr.・t" '"tig ";'ii・,,'.-/G ' l'i'i "' t/tt ,・l1//.t,/lt';/i/・,・ t;・t.I:・i/・ 11,/t/t es f.11,・ x Fig. 1,FAig i.mit gal lof a cecidomyiid on A.japonica, Scale bar: 5 mm. 2,FAig i,mit gall ofA,yteralobia sp. on T. asiaticum. Scale bar: 1O mm. 3, A male Lobesia aelopa adult eclosed from a cecidomyiid gal lon A. japonic aW.ing span: 10.3 mm. Fig. 4. A male Adoxoph),es d"bia adult eclosed fi/om an Asteratobia gal lon T. asiaticum. Wing span: 16.3 mm. Galls examined We collected the fbllowing two gall sin late autumn in a rural area of central Japan: 1) imit galls of a gall midge (Cecidomyii dDaiep,tera >on the herb Achyranthes J'aponica (Amaranthacea ea)nd, 2) fmit gall sof the gal lmidge Asteralobia sp. (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera )on the ]iana 77achetospenmum asiaticum (Apocynaceae). 1) Cecidomyiid gall son A. japonica An unknown cecidomyiid species induces oval gall sin the utric]es of A. joponi cian October (Fi g1,) ,The gall sare about 5.0 mm in diameter and each one bears 1-5 larval cells, of which each contains one yellow rnidge larva .Matured larva eexit from the gall in November and crawl into the soil to hibernate .Severa glall soften fbrm as aggregates on the spikes (Fig .1). However, the life cycle between winter and the fbllowing autumn has not been clarified, In addition, this cecidomyiid has not been identifi e(dYUkaw a& Masuda, 1996) . However, once it staxonomy is established, it will be easy to identify based on it scharacteristic ga]1 morphology and host plant. 2)Astevalobia T. galls on asiaticum The cecidomyiid Asteralobi asp. defbrms the fruit osf T. asiaticum into curved club-shaped gall sin autumn (Fi g2,). [[Ih geall sare about 30 mm in length and each bears 10-25 1arval NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan 282 Kazuo YAMAzAKi and Shiaj iSuGTuRA Table 1. No. of emerged tortricid moths reared from cecidomyiid frui tgall son Achyianthe sJ'aponica. Samplingdatcs Tortricidlarvae 16Oct20 Nov. Lobesia aetqpa 6 6 Adoxophyes dubia 31739226 21465 No. ofgalls sampled No. of spikes sampled l15 cells of which each contains one midge larva .In lat eautumn, most larvae mature in their cells or have already exited from the gall. The larvae overwinter in the soil and the midge ecloses as an adult in the spring (YUkaw a& Masuda, l 996). Study sites and procedures The gall swere collected alengside a hiking route (c a80 m a, s. 1. ,34017'N, 13509'E) fi;om Kyoshi te Aigaeri, Misaki-cho, Osaka Prefecture, central Japan, There, warm-temperate forest sare dominated by the evergreen oak euereu pshitlyraeoid easnd plantatio nosf the Japanese cedar CTIyptomeri ay'aponic aand the hinoki cypress Chamaec>paris obtusa. Achynanthesjaponica also abundantly grows aleng this route. Several T. asia'ticum patches also occur there. Cecidomyiid gall son A, japoni cwaere sampled on 16 October (173 9galls )and 20 November (1465 2002. ElevenAsteralobia T. galls) , galls on asiaticum were collected on 26 November, 2003. At the time of sampling, the Asteralobi agall shad many minute holes from which most midge larvae and parasitoid shad alread yexited, The gall swere cut off from the host plants p,laced in plasti cbags, brought to the laboratory, and lef tin plasti cbags under laborator yconditions. The feeding habits of gall-feeding ]epidopteran larvae were observed, and the eclosed adults were identifie dG,alls infeste dby the larvae were dissecte dwith a cutter and thei rinside swere inspecte dto determine the effects of the larva eon the gal1 fbrmers. Results 1) Cecidomyii gdall sonA. J'crponica A small number of two tortricid species, Lobesia aelqpa Meyrick (Fig 3.) and Adoxqphyes dubia Yasuda, eclosed in December from gall sthat were sampled on both 16 October and 20 November (Tlab 1l)e ,The larva espan the gall wsith the utricles and fed indiscriminately on the galls ,spikes and utricles. The attacked gall swere seriously damaged, but most midge larvae exited from the gall sby 20 November. 2) Asteralobi agall son T, asiaticum A male A, dubia adult (Fi g4.) emerged from the gal lof the gall midge Asteralobi asp, in early January of the fo11owin gyear .The larva ofA. dubia bored into and fed on gall tissue and the attacked gal lwas considerably damaged, However, most larvae of the gall midge matured or had already exited from the galls and the attack rate was only 9, 1% (AJL11), NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan Gall-feedin Hgabits in Lepidopter aof Japan (4) 283 Discussion 1)Cecidomyiid A. galls on ,J'aponica On]y 9 and 8 tortrici dlarvae fed on 1739 (16 Oct.) and 1465 (20 Nov.) gal!s ,respectively (Tabl 1e). Each larva usually fed on 2-5 gall sduring it slarval period ,Thus, the galls attacked by the tortricids accounted fbr less than 5% of the gall ssampled. Furtherrnore, the larvae of the gall midge had already matured by 16 October and most 1arvae had egressed from the gall sby 20 November. These tortricid stherefbre appeared to impose little negative etfect on cecidomyiid larvae. Larvae of L. aelopa feed on various plant part s(leav efsi,ower sand fruit so)f divers eplant species such as the goldenrod Soti(lag aoltissima (Asteracea eth)e, labiat eRerill ,afrutescens (Laibiat athee) t,ea Camellia sinensis (Theacea aend) the grape Viti slabr"sc a(Vitaceae) (Ba e& Komai, 1991; Nasu, 1993). A related species, L. vir"lenta Bae et Komai, is also polyphagou sand occasionally infest sCeratovacuna nekoashi (Sasak i()Homoptera, Aphididae) gall son Styrex J'aponicu (sStyracac e(aBea) e& Komai, 1991). Adoxophyes dubia is also polyphagous and feeds on many plants such as [,},oni aovalifolia var. elliptica (Ericacea ean)d Ribes fascicul a(tSaaxifragrac e(aYea)suda ,1998b) . These tortrici d]arva eare therefbr eclassified as facultativ ececidophages (gall-fee dtehrats) primaril yutilize normal plant tissues rather than p]ant galls (sens Muani, 1964), 2) Asteratobia gall son T. asiaticum For the Asteralobia galls ,the attack rate by A. dubia larva was ]ow (9,1% )and the attack was lat eenough for cecidomyiid larva eto mature and exit from the galls .Thus, the impact on the gall midge by attack from A. dubia larva appears to be negligible. As mentioned above, A. dubia is a polyphagous tortrici dand facultati vceecidophage. 3) Gall sas alternative food sources for late-autum ntortricid larvae In late autumn, most plant scease their growth, senesce and withen Even evergreen trees bear few fresh leaves in late autumn. On A, japoni canad T. asiaticum, there were no fresh leaves present on the sampling dates .These tortricid larva etherefore might feed on gall sas an alternative food source due to a dearth of fresh leaves and young plant tissues .Sugiura & Yamazaki (2002 )reported that two tortrici dlarvae ,(lypsonoma bijlasci aKtuaznetzov and G, hivanoi Kawabe, feed on the cecidomyiid bud gall sof willows in early spring, and suggested that the ]arva ehatched befbre bud break and utilized galls as an alternati vfeood source. The utilization of gall sas an aiternative fbod source due to a lack of fresh plant tissue smay be widespread during cold seasons. Acknowledgments We thank Y Nasu of the Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences Research Center of Osaka Prefectur ef,or the identificat iofon tortricid moths and valuable advice, References Abe, Y,, 1995, Relationships between the gall wasp, Trichagalma ,yerrat a(eAshmead )(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae ),and two moth species, Andrioptect apulverula (Meyric k()Lepidopte rToaf:tricidae )and Characoma rqfici.rra (Hampson )(Lepidopte Nroac:tujdae ).Appt. Ent. Zbol. 30: 83-89, Abrahamson, W. G. & A. E. Weis, 1987. Nutritiona lecology of arthropod gall makers. Jn Slansky, F. Jr &J. G, Rodriguez (Eds )Md,ritiona lEcology ofInsec Mtist,es ,SPide ransd, related Invertehrates :235-258. Wiley& Sons,New York. NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee  LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegiroaollogical  SSoooiceityety  ooff  JJaapapnan 284 Kazuo YAM. AzAKI  and  Shinj iSuGJuRA Bae, Y.−S,& F. Komai,199L A revision  of the Japanes especies  ef the genus Lobesia Guen6e(Lepidopter,a   Tortricid)a, ewith  descripti oofn a new  subgenus .7ンδσα 42:115−14L Clancy, K. M .,1993、  Adaptation sof ga[lin gsaw 且ies to natural enemies .  In Wagner , M . R & K , F. Raffa   (Eds), Sawfl NLtfe Histo刑y Adaptati.ons  to woody  Plants:295−330、 Academic  Press, New  York. Mani , M  S.,1964. Ecology ofPlant  Ga正ls.434 pp. Dr W . Junk, The Hague. Nasu, Y.,1993. New  host−plant sof Lobesia(Lobesia)αゆραMeyrick Proc. Kansai Plant Prot,50c.(35):   45−46 (in Japanes)e. Price, P. W ., Fernandes, G  W .& G . L  Waring ,1987. Adaptive nature  of insec gtall.s翫 vか. Ent.16:15−24. Scoble, M .」.,1992. The Lepidop te ra:Form, Function and  Diversit.y404 pp. Oxfbrd Uuiv. Press, Oxfbrd. Sugiura, S.& K . Yamazaki ,2002,  Tortricid moths  reared  f士o皿 cecidomyiid  bud gall son  willows .  Trans.   lepid. Soc.」吻απ 53:116−118. Yasuda , T.,1998α. Biology of tortricid moths . In Yasuda , T., Hirowatari, T.& M . Ishii(Eds), Biology of the   Microlepidopte:r2a09−230.(In Japanes)e.     ,1998わ.The Japanese species  of the genus Adoxophyes  Me 〕加ck (Lepidoptera, To貫ricidae ). Trans.   lep id. So(〕.ノapan  49:159−173. Yoshiyasu, Y,,1986. Notes on two lepidoptero usspecies attacking  the galls of Schlechtendal icahinensis   (BeU )(Aphididae)on Rんus ノαv硼 ica L.乃δGα37:97−100 (in Japaneヨe with  English summary ). Yukawa ,」.&H. Masuda,1996. Insect and  Mite Gatls o.プJapan in Colors.826 pp. Zenkoku −n6son −ky6iku−   ky6kai, Tokyo.(ln JapaIles).e 摘 要 日本の 鱗翅 囗に おける ゴール食の 習性 4.一晩秋に 2種の タマ バ エ による・果実 ゴール から得 ー 一 ・ られたハ マ キ ガ (山崎 夫 杉浦真治) 本論文で は 大阪府岬町孝子におい て 晩秋に採集 した 2種の ゴールか ら得られたハ マ キガ科に関し , て報告する. 1)イノ コ ズ チ ミフ ク レフ シ (タマ バ エ 科の 一種によ りイノ コ ズチ の 胞果に形成された ゴ ール)をサ ン プリン グし室内飼育する と,ホソバ チビ ヒ メハ マ キLobesia aelopa  Meyrick とウス コ カクモ ンハ マ キAd・xophyes  dzabia Yasudaの幼虫がゴ ール と胞果 を無差別 に摂食してい るの を確認するこ とがで き た.ゴ ール の 2種のハ マ キガに よる攻撃率は 5% 未満と低 く.寄主の タマ バ エ 幼虫はすで に ゴールか ら越冬の ために脱出済みか成熟して 脱出直前で あっ た.その た め,これらの ハ マ キガ幼虫の タマ バ エ に対する影響 はほとんどない と考えられた. 一 2)テ イカカズラ ミサキフクレフシ(タマ バ エ 科の 種Asteralobi sap,によりテイカ カズラの実に形成 され たゴール)に は,ウス コ カ クモ ンハ マ キの 幼虫が潜入 してい た.攻撃されたゴ ール はか なり劣化 して い たが,タマ バ エ 幼虫はすで に脱出済みかその直前であっ た.また,ハ マ キガの ゴールへ の攻撃 率は8,3% (N=12)であっ たため,タマ バ エ に対する影響は ほ とん どない と考えられた. これ ら2種のハ マ キガ幼虫は ゴール 以外の通常の植物組織をお もに摂食する機会的えい 食者である. 晩秋で 新鮮 な葉がない ため に ゴ ール 組織を代替食物として使用してい たと考えられ る. , (Accepted May  29,2004) Publishe dby the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 5−20 Motoyokoyama 2,Hachioj,iTokyo,192−0063Japan ,         一 NNI工I工-EElleoetcrotniroonic  LLiibrbarryary  Service

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