Table Of Content

GALILEOENGINEER BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE VOLUME269 Editors ROBERTS.COHEN,BostonUniversity JÜRGENRENN,MaxPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScience KOSTASGAVROGLU,UniversityofAthens EditorialAdvisoryBoard THOMASF.GLICK,BostonUniversity ADOLFGRÜNBAUM,UniversityofPittsburgh SYLVANS.SCHWEBER,BrandeisUniversity JOHNJ.STACHEL,BostonUniversity MARXW.WARTOFSKY†,(Editor1960–1997) Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5710 GALILEO ENGINEER by MATTEOVALLERIANI MaxPlanckInstitutefor theHistoryofScience Berlin,Germany 123 MatteoValleriani MaxPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScience Boltzmannstr.22 14195Berlin Germany [email protected] DissertationzurErlangungdesDoktorgradesanderPhilosophischenFakultätIderHumboldt UniversitätzuBerlin. ISBN978-90-481-8644-0 e-ISBN978-90-481-8645-7 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-8645-7 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010922899 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) CarlodeBonardis(17thcentury).Scientistundertakinganexperiment.Oilpainting (BonaCastellotti,Gambaetal.1999/2000,141) Contents Foreword:TheHistoricalEpistemologyofMechanics . . . . . . . . . . xi JürgenRenn Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv PartI WarandPractice 1 Artist-Engineers’ApprenticeshipandGalileo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ThePoliticalandEconomicContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 TheEducationofArtist-Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Galileo’sApprenticeship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 FromtheApprenticeshiptotheWorkshopviatheUniversity . . . . . . 15 TheBuzzoftheWorkshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 InstrumentsandMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Galileo’sBalanceSheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TheProductionandOrganizationoftheWorkshop. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 TheMilitaryCompass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 TheReductionCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 TheSurveyingCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 OtherInstrumentsandTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 GlassProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 AdaptingtheTelescopeforotherOpticalDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 MachineforPoundingGunpowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 MachineforLiftingHeavyWeights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 WaterLiftingMachine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 GalileoasaMilitaryEngineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3 Galileo’sPrivateCourseonFortifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 TheStructureoftheBusiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 MathematicsfortheMilitaryArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 MilitaryArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ArtilleryPoweredbyGunpowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 vii viii Contents Lasfera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 TheScienceofMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 CompoundsofSimpleMachinestoMultiplyForce . . . . . . . . . . . 104 CompoundMachinesUsefulintheFortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 TheArtofWarandtheMaterialityofMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 PartII PracticeandScience 4 TheKnowledgeoftheVenetianArsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 DatingGalileo’sWorkontheScienceofMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . 120 TheKeyQuestionoftheMachineMakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Galileo’sCantileverModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 TheOriginsoftheRenaissanceEngineers’CantileverModel . . . . . . 124 GalileoattheArsenal:TheAristotelianNauticalQuestions . . . . . . . 132 DidtheVenetianArsenalEmployGalileo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Galileo’sApprenticeshipasaProto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Galileo’sMasterpiece:TheOarModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 DidGalileoBecomeaProto? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5 Pneumatics, the Thermoscope and the New Atomistic ConceptionofHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 TheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 TheEmergenceoftheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 FromtheThermoscopetotheThermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 EmpiricalDataProvidedbytheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 TheReceptionofAncientPneumatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 GalileoasaPneumaticEngineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 TheFunctioningoftheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Galileo’sDoctrineofHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 TheGenerationofaHeatDoctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 PartIII TheEngineerandtheScientist 6 WasGalileoanEngineer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 RevolutionoftheArtofWar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 GalileiintheCurrentofWarfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 BeyondEngineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 TheAristotelianEngineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 GenerationofKnowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Engineer-Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Sources:Galileo’sCorrespondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 NotesontheTranslations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 GalileotoG.ContariniinVenice.Padova,March22,1593 . . . . . . . 214 G.ContarinitoGalileoinPadova.Venice,March28,1593 . . . . . . . 216 GalileotoA.MocenigoinVenice.Padova,January11,1594 . . . . . . 219 G.SagredotoGalileoinPadova.Venice,January17,1602 . . . . . . . 221 Contents ix G.SagredotoGalileoinPadova.Venice,August23,1602. . . . . . . . 222 GalileotoA.de’MediciinFlorence.Padova,February11,1609 . . . . 223 G.BartolitoB.VintainFlorence.Venice,September26,1609 . . . . . 225 M.HastaltoGalileoinFlorence.Prague,August24,1610 . . . . . . . 226 D.AntoninitoGalileoinFlorence.Brussels,February4,1612 . . . . . 227 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,June30,1612 . . . . . . . . 229 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,May9,1613 . . . . . . . . . 231 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,July27,1613 . . . . . . . . 233 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,August24,1613 . . . . . . . 234 G.B.BalianitoGalileoinFlorence.Genoa,April4,1614. . . . . . . . 238 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,February7,1615 . . . . . 239 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,March15,1615 . . . . . . 241 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,April11,1615 . . . . . . 244 B.CastellitoGalileoinFlorence.Pisa,May24,1617 . . . . . . . . . . 248 GalileotoLeopoldofAustriainInnsbruck.Florence,May23,1618 . . 250 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Morocco,August4,1618 . . . . . 252 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,August18,1618 . . . . . 255 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinBellosguardo.Venice,October27,1618 . . 256 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,November3,1618 . . . . 257 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,December22,1618 . . . . 259 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinBellosguardo.Venice,March30,1619 . . . 260 G.C.LagallatoGalileoinFlorence.Rome,July30,1621 . . . . . . . . 263 G.B.GuazzaronitoGalileoinAquasparta.Todi,April20,1624 . . . . 264 GalileotoF.CesiinRome.Bellosguardo,September23,1624 . . . . . 266 G.diGuevaratoGalileoinFlorence.Teano,November15,1627 . . . . 268 A.ArrighettitoGalileoinSiena.Florence,September25,1633 . . . . . 270 GalileotoA.ArrighettiinFlorence.Siena,September27,1633 . . . . . 273 N.AggiuntitoGalileoinFlorence.Pisa,February22,1634 . . . . . . . 274 F.MicanziotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,July8,1634 . . . . . . . . . 276 A.deVilletoGalileoinArcetri.Venice,March3,1635 . . . . . . . . . 277 F.MicanziotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,December1,1635 . . . . . 284 B.CavalieritoGalileoinArcetri.Bologna,March11,1636 . . . . . . . 285 GalileotoL.ReaelinAmsterdam.Arcetri,June5,1637. . . . . . . . . 288 GalileotoF.MicanzioinVenice.Arcetri,November20,1637. . . . . . 295 Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Galileo’sWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 PrimaryLiterature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 SecondaryLiterature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 NameIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 IllustrationIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

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GALILEOENGINEER BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE VOLUME269 Editors ROBERTS.COHEN,BostonUniversity JÜRGENRENN,MaxPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScience KOSTASGAVROGLU,UniversityofAthens EditorialAdvisoryBoard THOMASF.GLICK,BostonUniversity ADOLFGRÜNBAUM,UniversityofPittsburgh SYLVANS.SCHWEBER,BrandeisUniversity JOHNJ.STACHEL,BostonUniversity MARXW.WARTOFSKY†,(Editor1960–1997) Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5710 GALILEO ENGINEER by MATTEOVALLERIANI MaxPlanckInstitutefor theHistoryofScience Berlin,Germany 123 MatteoValleriani MaxPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScience Boltzmannstr.22 14195Berlin Germany [email protected] DissertationzurErlangungdesDoktorgradesanderPhilosophischenFakultätIderHumboldt UniversitätzuBerlin. ISBN978-90-481-8644-0 e-ISBN978-90-481-8645-7 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-8645-7 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010922899 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) CarlodeBonardis(17thcentury).Scientistundertakinganexperiment.Oilpainting (BonaCastellotti,Gambaetal.1999/2000,141) Contents Foreword:TheHistoricalEpistemologyofMechanics . . . . . . . . . . xi JürgenRenn Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv PartI WarandPractice 1 Artist-Engineers’ApprenticeshipandGalileo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ThePoliticalandEconomicContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 TheEducationofArtist-Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Galileo’sApprenticeship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 FromtheApprenticeshiptotheWorkshopviatheUniversity . . . . . . 15 TheBuzzoftheWorkshop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 InstrumentsandMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Galileo’sBalanceSheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TheProductionandOrganizationoftheWorkshop. . . . . . . . . . . . 26 TheMilitaryCompass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 TheReductionCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 TheSurveyingCompass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 OtherInstrumentsandTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 GlassProduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 AdaptingtheTelescopeforotherOpticalDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 MachineforPoundingGunpowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 MachineforLiftingHeavyWeights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 WaterLiftingMachine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 GalileoasaMilitaryEngineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3 Galileo’sPrivateCourseonFortifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 TheStructureoftheBusiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 MathematicsfortheMilitaryArt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 MilitaryArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ArtilleryPoweredbyGunpowder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 vii viii Contents Lasfera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 TheScienceofMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 CompoundsofSimpleMachinestoMultiplyForce . . . . . . . . . . . 104 CompoundMachinesUsefulintheFortress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 TheArtofWarandtheMaterialityofMachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 PartII PracticeandScience 4 TheKnowledgeoftheVenetianArsenal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 DatingGalileo’sWorkontheScienceofMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . 120 TheKeyQuestionoftheMachineMakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Galileo’sCantileverModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 TheOriginsoftheRenaissanceEngineers’CantileverModel . . . . . . 124 GalileoattheArsenal:TheAristotelianNauticalQuestions . . . . . . . 132 DidtheVenetianArsenalEmployGalileo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Galileo’sApprenticeshipasaProto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Galileo’sMasterpiece:TheOarModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 DidGalileoBecomeaProto? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5 Pneumatics, the Thermoscope and the New Atomistic ConceptionofHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 TheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 TheEmergenceoftheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 FromtheThermoscopetotheThermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 EmpiricalDataProvidedbytheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 TheReceptionofAncientPneumatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 GalileoasaPneumaticEngineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 TheFunctioningoftheThermoscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Galileo’sDoctrineofHeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 TheGenerationofaHeatDoctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 PartIII TheEngineerandtheScientist 6 WasGalileoanEngineer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 RevolutionoftheArtofWar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 GalileiintheCurrentofWarfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 BeyondEngineering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 TheAristotelianEngineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 GenerationofKnowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Engineer-Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Sources:Galileo’sCorrespondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 NotesontheTranslations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 GalileotoG.ContariniinVenice.Padova,March22,1593 . . . . . . . 214 G.ContarinitoGalileoinPadova.Venice,March28,1593 . . . . . . . 216 GalileotoA.MocenigoinVenice.Padova,January11,1594 . . . . . . 219 G.SagredotoGalileoinPadova.Venice,January17,1602 . . . . . . . 221 Contents ix G.SagredotoGalileoinPadova.Venice,August23,1602. . . . . . . . 222 GalileotoA.de’MediciinFlorence.Padova,February11,1609 . . . . 223 G.BartolitoB.VintainFlorence.Venice,September26,1609 . . . . . 225 M.HastaltoGalileoinFlorence.Prague,August24,1610 . . . . . . . 226 D.AntoninitoGalileoinFlorence.Brussels,February4,1612 . . . . . 227 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,June30,1612 . . . . . . . . 229 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,May9,1613 . . . . . . . . . 231 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,July27,1613 . . . . . . . . 233 G.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,August24,1613 . . . . . . . 234 G.B.BalianitoGalileoinFlorence.Genoa,April4,1614. . . . . . . . 238 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,February7,1615 . . . . . 239 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,March15,1615 . . . . . . 241 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,April11,1615 . . . . . . 244 B.CastellitoGalileoinFlorence.Pisa,May24,1617 . . . . . . . . . . 248 GalileotoLeopoldofAustriainInnsbruck.Florence,May23,1618 . . 250 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Morocco,August4,1618 . . . . . 252 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,August18,1618 . . . . . 255 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinBellosguardo.Venice,October27,1618 . . 256 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,November3,1618 . . . . 257 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,December22,1618 . . . . 259 G.F.SagredotoGalileoinBellosguardo.Venice,March30,1619 . . . 260 G.C.LagallatoGalileoinFlorence.Rome,July30,1621 . . . . . . . . 263 G.B.GuazzaronitoGalileoinAquasparta.Todi,April20,1624 . . . . 264 GalileotoF.CesiinRome.Bellosguardo,September23,1624 . . . . . 266 G.diGuevaratoGalileoinFlorence.Teano,November15,1627 . . . . 268 A.ArrighettitoGalileoinSiena.Florence,September25,1633 . . . . . 270 GalileotoA.ArrighettiinFlorence.Siena,September27,1633 . . . . . 273 N.AggiuntitoGalileoinFlorence.Pisa,February22,1634 . . . . . . . 274 F.MicanziotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,July8,1634 . . . . . . . . . 276 A.deVilletoGalileoinArcetri.Venice,March3,1635 . . . . . . . . . 277 F.MicanziotoGalileoinFlorence.Venice,December1,1635 . . . . . 284 B.CavalieritoGalileoinArcetri.Bologna,March11,1636 . . . . . . . 285 GalileotoL.ReaelinAmsterdam.Arcetri,June5,1637. . . . . . . . . 288 GalileotoF.MicanzioinVenice.Arcetri,November20,1637. . . . . . 295 Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Galileo’sWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 PrimaryLiterature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 SecondaryLiterature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 NameIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 IllustrationIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

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