Galilee in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Periods: Life, Culture, and Society PDF
Preview Galilee in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Periods: Life, Culture, and Society
Galilee in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Period Life, Culture, and Society Life, Culture, and Society Fortress Press Minneapolis Galilee in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Periods Volume 1: Life, Culture, and Society David A. Fiensy and James Riley Strange, Editors Copyright © 2014 Fortress Press. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles and reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Visit http://www.augsburgfortress.org/copyrights/contact.asp or write to Permissions, Augsburg Fortress, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440. Cover images, from right to left: Mona Lisa of the Galilee, flik47/iStock/Thinkstock. Olive Branch, Ryan Rodrick Beiler/iStock/Thinkstock. Roman Road, © Doug Oakman; reprinted by permission. Sea of Galilee, Naive/iStock/Thinkstock. Tomb with niches (Khirbet Qana) © David A. Fiensy; reprinted by permission. Cover design: Laurie Ingram Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available ISBN: 978-1-4514-6674-4 eISBN: 978-1-4514-8958-3 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z329, 48-1984. Manufactured in the U.S.A. This book was produced using PressBooks.com. IN MEMORIAM Seán Freyne Contents Dedication Archaeological Chronology Events and Rulers in Galilee and Judea in the Late Second Temple through Mishnaic Periods Maps and Galilee Photo Gallery Preface Overview of Galilean Studies Introduction to Galilee: Volumes 1 and 2 David A. Fiensy and James Riley Strange 1. Galilee and the Historical Jesus in Recent Research Roland Deines History 2. The Political History in Galilee from the First Century BCE to the end of the Second Century CE Morten Hørning Jensen 3. Religious Practices and Religious Movements in Galilee: 100 BCE– 200 CE Roland Deines 4. The Ethnicities of Galileans Mark A. Chancey 5. The Synagogues of Galilee Lee I. Levine 6. Notable Galilean Persons Thomas Scott Caulley 7. Social Movements in Galilee Richard Horsley Village Life 8. The Galilean Village in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Periods David A. Fiensy 9. Household Judaism Andrea M. Berlin 10. The Galilean House in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Periods David A. Fiensy 11. Mortality, Morbidity, and Economics in Jesus’ Galilee Jonathan L. Reed 12. Education/Literacy in Jewish Galilee: Was There Any and at What Level? John C. Poirier Economics 13. The Galilean Road System James F. Strange 14. Urbanization and Industry in Mishnaic Galilee Ze’ev Safrai 15. Never the Two Shall Meet? Urban–Rural Interaction in Lower Galilee Agnes Choi 16. Inner Village Life in Galilee: A Diverse and Complex Phenomenon Sharon Lea Mattila 17. Debate: Was the Galilean Economy Oppressive or Prosperous? Douglas E. Oakman and Andrew Overman 18. Taxation and Other Sources of Government Income in the Galilee of Herod and Antipas Fabian Udoh Abbreviations Roland Deines Contributors Archaeological Chronology ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIOD[1] ABBREVIATION DATES Iron I I1 1200–1000 BCE Iron II I2 1000–586 BCE Persian P 586–333 BCE Hellenistic I H1 333–152 BCE Hellenistic II H2 152–37 BCE Early Roman ER 37 BCE–70 CE Middle Roman MR 70–250 CE Late Roman LR 250–363 CE Early Byzantine Byz 1 363–451 CE Late Byzantine Byz 2 451–640 CE Early Islamic EI 640–950 CE Late Islamic LI 950–1291 CE 1. This chronology is taken from James F. Strange, Thomas R.W. Longstaff, and Dennis E. Groh with revisions by James Riley Strange, The Excavations at Shikhin: Manual for Area Supervisors (unpublished manuscript). The archaeological periods are those seen at Sepphoris and Shikhin. ↵ Events and Rulers in Galilee and Judea in the Late Second Temple through Mishnaic Periods Key Events 110 John Hyrcanus conquers parts of Galilee? BCE? 104 Aristobulus I annexes Galilee BCE 104 Ptolemy IX Lathyros attacks Sepphoris BCE 63 General Pompey of Rome conquers Judea BCE 55 Gabinius locates a regional Sanhedrin at Sepphoris BCE 47–37 Herod the Great governs the Galilee BCE 49/38 Herod makes Sepphoris his northern headquarters BCE 4 BCE Death of Herod; Sepphoris revolts; Roman legions destroy it 4 BCE Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, rebuilds Sepphoris as his Galilean capital 20 CE Antipas builds Tiberias as his new capital 30–33 Jesus’ ministry CE 66–70 First Jewish Revolt: Vespasian invades Galilee; destruction of Yodefat, Magdala, and Gamla; CE destruction of Jerusalem and the temple; migration of Judeans to Galilee 70– Era of the Tannaim 225 CE 80– Sanhedrin moves to Usha 140 CE Bar Kokhba Revolt; expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem; migration to Galilee Bar Kokhba Revolt; expulsion of Jews from Jerusalem; migration to Galilee 132– 135 CE 140 Sanhedrin moves to Shefar‘am CE 163 Sanhedrin moves to Beit She‘arim, then to Sepphoris CE 193 Sanhedrin moves to Tiberias CE 200– Rabbi Judah the Prince completes the codification of the Mishnah at Sepphoris 220 CE Rulers of Judea from Hellenistic Times Hellenistic Dynasties Dates of Reign Alexander III of Macedon 333–323 BCE Ptolemy I Soter (“Savior”) 300–282 BCE Ptolemy II Philadelphus (“Brother-loving”) 285–246 BCE Ptolemy III Euergetes (“Benefactor”) 246–221 BCE Ptolemy IV Philopator (“Father-loving”) 221–204 BCE Ptolemy V Epiphanes (“[God] Manifest”) 204–180 BCE Antiochus III (“The Great”) 223–187 BCE (takes control of Palestine in 198) Seleucus IV Philopator 18–175 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes 175–164 BCE Hasmonean Dynasty Dates of Control Mattathias d. 166 BCE Judas, son of Mattathias 165–160 BCE Jonathan, son of Mattathias 160–142 BCE Simon, son of Mattathias 142–135 BCE John Hyrcanus I, son of Simon 135–104 BCE Judah Aristobulus I, son of John Hyrcanus I 104–103 BCE Alexander Jannaeus, son of John Hyrcanus I 103–76 BCE Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Jannaeus 76–67 BCE Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra 67–63 BCE John Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra 63–40 BCE (high priest) Mattathias Antigonus II, son of Aristobulus II 40–37 BCE (Parthian rule) Herodian Dynasty Dates of Reign Herod the Great governor of the Galilee 47–37 BCE king of the Jews 37–4 BCE Archelaus, son of Herod, ethnarch (“ruler of a people”) of Judea, Samaria, Idumea 4 –6 [1] BCE CE
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