Galen and the Logic of Proposition

110 Pages·1940·28.682 MB·English

by  Stakelum, James

JAMES W. STAKELUM, C. M.
GALEN
AND
THE LOGIC OF PROPOSITION
PARS DISSERTATIONIS AD LAUREAM
IN FACULTATE PHILOSOPHIAE APUD
INSTITUTUM « ANGELICUM >> DE URBE
K.OMAE 1940
PREFACE
These JIUges, restrictedly entitled << Galen and the Logic
of Propositions, >> originally formed part of an academic dis
sertation, Galen's Introduction to Dialectic. The thteefold
purpose of the larger study was to present Galen's Dialectic
in a clear light, to examine his doctrine and weigh its impor
tance as to originality or historical precedent, and from these
considerations to draw conclusions as to its influence on suc
ceeding generations. The doctrine, scattered throughout the
Galenic. text, ·was gathered under five headings: /. Galen's
Introductory Remarks; II. Logic of Propositions; 111. Ari
stotelian Term Logic; IV. Other Classes of Syllogisms;
V. Applied Logic. Owing to the limited size of the volumes
of this series, published under the sponsorship of Father
I. M. Bochemki, 0. P., it is impossible to publish here the
whole result of the inquiry. Accordingly, we have selected
for presentation our Introduction - tearranged as Part One
in several short chapters - and the most important portion
I
of our examination of Galen's Dialectic, dealing with the
logic of propositions. The latter section is divided into three
parts. A brief conclusion completes the essay.
It is traditional to attribute to Galen an eminent position
in the field of logic, hut rarely do we find specific reasons
assigned for this emin<>nce. The composition of this disser
tation has, for me, definitely determined Galen's position in
- v-
the history of logic. It is hoped that it will serve a similm;
purpose jov others.
Here I wish to acknowledge briefly personal indebted·
ness. I deeply UfJfJrec:iate the philos()phical course at the
Pontifical Institute Angelicum ·which has made possible this
study. To my professors and to all who have generously
aided me in the composition of this work I offer my sincere
thanks. I am fJarticularly grateful to Father I. M. Boc:henski,
0 . P., who has been of great assistance by his wise counsel
and patient direction. I gladly acknowledge my obligations
to lJ;ll my .friends; to me alone are chargeable the errors wlzich
critical ( .:amination may discover.
w. c.
]AMES STAKELUM, M.
VI -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SOURCES
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GALEN: Dialectica. gt·aece eel. M. Minas, Paris, 1844.
lnstiJutio Logica, ed. C. Kalhfleisch, Lipsiae, 1896.
Natural Fru:ulries, transl. A. J. Brock, London-N. Y., l928.
Opcrn Omnia, t:d. Aldus Manulius, Venetiis, 1S25.
OpPra Omnin (Mcdit·orum graecoruru opera), ed. C. C. Kuhn,
Lipsiae, 1821-30.
Scripr.a Minora, cd. J. M.an1uard1, I. Mueller, G. Helmreich,
Lipsiae, 1884.
:-1. Otlwr ,.,Jir i 011.~ :
ALBEHTU.'-' MAGNU'-' ( S.): () JWI"fl Omnia, I'd. ;\. Bourgoncl, Parisiis,
1890-9.
ALE\:INDER APHHOili'-'IA'-': In Ari.~totdi.~ Analyti.contnl Priorum li
brum I Comnwntari.um, ed. M. Wallies, Bct"Oiini, 1883.
- In .-lristoteli.~ TntJicornm librus ul'lo Comnwnlariwn, eel. M.
Wallies, Berolini, l89l.
AMMONIU~ : In Aristnlc!is Analvt.iconun. Priorum libru111 T Com
mt~ntarium, erl. M. \Vallics; Bl'rolini, 1899.
APOLLONIUS Dv:-;coLU~: Grmnmntici Gmeci, ed. R. Schneider t'l G.
Uhlig, Lipsiaf', 1878.
APULEIUS: De Philosophia Libri, ed. P. Thomas, Lipsiae, 1908.
- VII -
ARISTOTifLES: Opera Omnia, ed. Academia Regia Borussica, ex re
cognitione I. Bekkker, Berolini, 1831.
ARNIM, I. AB: Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta. Lipsiae, 1923.
AULUS GELLlUS: Attic Nights, trans!. J. C. Rolfe, London-N. Y.,
1927.
AVERROES: Aristotelis St:ugiritae Omnia, qnae extant Opera ... Aver
rois Cordubensisitu'n Conmwntarii, Venetiis, 1:152.
BoETHIUS: De Syllogismo Categorico; De Syllogisnw flypothetico;
ln Topica Cireronis Commentarium, (Patrologiac cursus com
pletus, Series Latina, ed. J. P. Migne, vol. LX1 V), Parisi is,
1891.
Comm£•ntarium in librum Aristotelis Peri 1-lermeneias, Second
Edition, ed. C. Meiser, Lipsiac, 1880.
CICERO: De Natura Deorum, Academica, transl. H. Rackharri, Lou
don-N. Y., 1933.
DAVID: Prologemena ct 1I I Por [}hyrii r~(/ gogpn Commcntarium, ed.
A. Busse, Berolini, 1904.
DIOGENES LAERTJUS: transl. R. D. Hicks, London-N. Y., 1925.
ELIAS: In Porphyrii Tsagogen Pt Aristotelis Categorias Commentnria,
ed. A. Busse, Berolini, 1900.
EPICTETUS: Di.ssertations, transl. W. A. Oldfather, London-N. Y .,
1926.
EuDEMUS: ed. T. W. Mullack (Frngnwnla Philosoplwrum Grae
corum, vol. III), Paris, 1860-81.
MARTIANUS CAPELLA: ed. A. Dick, Lipsiac, 1925.
MICHAEL: In Parva Natu.ralia Conunentaria, ed. P. Wendland, Be
rolini, 1903.
PHILOPONUS: In Aristotelis Analytica Priorn Cummentnrium, ed.
M. Wallies, Berolini, 190:1.
PLATO: Opera Omnia, cd. C. E. C. Schneider, Parisiis, 1833.
PJ"UTARCHUS: Mornli.n, ed. G. N. Bernanlakis, Lipsiae, 1888-96.
PRJSCIANUS: OpPra, ed. A. Krehle, Lipsiae, 1819.
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS: trans I. R. G. Bury, London-N. Y., 19:~3-1936.
Outlirws of Pyrrlwni.mz, vol. I.
Against Logiciam, vol. II (i. e., Against Mat hemal icians, VII
and VIII).
Against Physicists, vol. III (i. e., Again~t Mathematicians, IX
and X). .
Against Ethicists, vol. III (i. c., Against il!fathematicians, XI).
- VIII -
SrMPLIClUS: In Aristotelis de Coelo Commentarium, ed. J. L. Hei
berg, Berolini, 1894.
STEPHANUS: In librum Aristotelis de lnterpretatione Commenta
rium, ed. M. Hayduck, Berolini, 1885.
THoMAS AQUINAS, S.: Opera Omnia, vol. I, Commentarium in Ari
stnt:elis libros Peri Hermeneias et Postcriorum Analyticoru.m,
edit io Leonina, Romac, 1R82.
Sancti Thonwe Scriptum super Libros Sententiarum, cditio nova,
cnra R. P. Mandonnet, 0. P., Parisiis, 1929.
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BocHENSKI, I. M., 0. P.: Elementa Lo,~irrte GrrH'cae, Romae, 19::\7.
BHOCHARD, V.: Rt11des de Phi/oso11hie Anrienne et de Philosophic
Moderne, 11ew edition, Paris, 1926.
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AgPs, London, 1926.
CHAUVET, E.: ],ogique de Gahen, Paris, 1882.
- La PlrilosnphiP d('s 111edecins GrN·s. Pat·is, 1886.
FESTUGIERE, A. J. et FABRE, P.: Le Monde greco-romain au temps
de Notre-Seigneur, Paris, 1935.
FINLAYSON, J.: Two Bibliographical Denwnstration.~, Glasgow, 189S.
JAEGER, W.: Aristodc, lt·ansl. R. Robinson, Oxford, 1934.
JANET, P. ct SEAILLES, G.: fh~toire de la Philosnphic, 15th Edition,
Paris, 1932.
JoHGEN!->EN, J.: A TrPfltist' of l'onnul l-ogi1·, Copenhagen-Londott,
1931.
KALBFLEISCH, C.: Ulwr Calf'll's Einleitung i11 Dit' Logik (Jnhrbii
cher fiir r-lnssisclll~ Philologie, Snppl. 23), Leipzig, -1897.
KEYNES, H. J. N.: Studif's nnd Exercises in Formal Logic, 4th f'di
lion rCJHintcd, Louilon, 1928.
KUMI-.E, F., S. J.: fnstitutiones llistoriae Philo.wphi-aP, Romac,
1923.
LEWIS, C. L. anrl LANGFOIW, C. H.: Symbolic togic, N. Y.-London,
1932.
LUKASIEWICZ, J.: Zur Ct'.w-·hichtf' der Au.~.~agen1ogil.- (Erkenntnis),
Band S, Heft 2/3, Leipzig, 1935.
IX -
O'LEARY, DEL.: Arabic Thought and its Place tn History, London,
1922.
OwEN, 0. F.: Organon, London, 1885-7.
PAYNE, J. F.: The Relation of HarvPy to his Predecessors and espe-
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PHANTL, C.: Geschichte der LogiJ.: im Abendlonde, Leip:.:ig, L927.
Ross, W. D.: The lllorks of Arist,otle, vol. I, Oxford, 1928.
ScHOLZ, H.: Geschichte der Logik, Berlin, 1931.
SMITH, SIR W.: Dictionary of Greek nnd Rom.a.n Biograph,,· 1111tf
Mythology, London, 1870.
STEBBJNG, L. S.: A M.oclern Introduction to Logic, 2nd edi1ion, Lon
don, 193~.
SYLVESTEH MAURUS: Aristoteli.~ Opem Omnia, eel. F. Ehrlc, S. J .,
Parisiis, 1885.
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- Galen, the man and his times, (Scic11tific Monthly), Jan. 192::.
TRENDELENBURG, A.: Ct~schichte der /(ategorienlehre, Berlin, 1846.
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herausgegehf'n von Dr. Karl Praechter, Berlin, 1926.
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1892.
- X
ABBREVIATIONS
Page ami line rcfcrencPs (c. g., 20.14) unaccompanied by <Ill)'
other abbreviation refer to Cahnws lnstitutio Logica, cd. K a 1},.
Ueisch.
When •·cfcrence is macJe to othc•· more frequently cited work'
listed in the bibliography, till' following abbreviations arc em
ployed:
(l Alex. l/1 ..JI'r. )) for « Af,xwuf,,., Comm<'nlrtrium 111 A11aly .
I icrt Priora "
(( Af,x. Ill To fJ· )) )) Alr'xander, Commen/.rt.rit.un in TujJica."
(( A[IOII. Dvsc. )J )) << .-1 polloni.u s D y s co lu s , Crammatici
Craeci ''
(( A.rist. A Po. )J )) (( A ristot/e, A nn"·t ira Postl'riora l>
(l Arist. ,IPr. )J )I '' A ristot/,, Analvtint l'riora "
(( Arist. Cat. )) )) « Ari.~totle, /), Categoriis "
(( Arist. Int. )~ )) « Ari.stotle, De lnt<'rjJrNatione ''
(( Arist. /II('/ It ph . )) )) << Aristotle, Metapltysica Jl
'' Arist. Soli· , " «Aristotle, D, Sotlhistici.s Elenchis ''
« .clrist. Top. » J> « Ari. .~ /otft,, To[1ica »
t.< 1\a/bf/,i.~rh " ll « /(a/bfleisf'l•, Uber Galen'.~ Einleitung in
Die Logik "
« /(u hn >> )I « Galeni Op<'rn Omnia "
" Lukasiewicz " " « Lukasiewicz, Zur G<'.w:hichte df'r Au.,.
sagenlogik >>
« Philo[!. in Al'r. JJ >> « Philoponus, Co11111Wrtlarium in Anrtly.
tica Pri.ora n
(( p /'(/,// l/ )) )J " Pra,tl, Geschichte rler Logik im Alww/.
!rt.nrle ''
'' Sext. }','mp. MadL J> >> «Sextus Empirictt.,, Aeai.nst; Ma.themnt.i-
cians ''
« Sext. Emp. PhY. '' >I " Sextu., Em piric11s, Again.~t. l'h.ysicists >>
« Sex/. Emp. Pyrr. >> '' " Sextus Ernpiricw;, Outlines of Pyrrfw
lttSII£ l>
--- XI -

CONTENTS
PREFACE . v
BIBLIOGRAPHY Vll
ABBREVIATIONS :XI
PART ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I. IMPORTANCE oF sEc.oNo CENTURY LoGic 1
)) II. LIFE OF GALEN 3
>> III. BRIEF H1sTOHY OF PRE-GALENIC. FoRMAL Loe1c 9
>> IV. Loc1c Ol" GALEN 14
PART TWO
HYPOTHETICAL PROPOSITIONS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTEH I. NoTION AND DIVISION OF PnoPOSJTIOl'll. (A) Stoic
Doctrine: (1) Notion; (2) Division. (B) Ga
lellic Doctrine: (1) Hypotlwtical Propositions;
(2) Division of Hypothetical Propositions 18
>' II. OPPOSED PROPOSITIONS. (A) Stoic Doctrine.
(B) Galenic Doctrine: (1) Complete Opposi
tiou (the Excluding Alternative); (2) Incom
plete Opposition; (3) The Not-excluding Al
ternative; (4) Origin of Galen's Doctrine of
Opposition; (5) Names of Proposition from
Opposition 26
>> III. CoNDITIONAL PnoPOSJTJONS. (A) Stoic Doctrine.
(B) Galenic Doctrine: (1) Consequence jn Ge
neral; (2) Division o[ Consequence: (a) Com
plete Consequence, (h) Incomplete Conse-
-- XIII -