Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Vol. 3. 2nd ed

941 Pages·2004·16.32 MB·English

GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA
M
EDICINE
of
SECOND EDITION
G ALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA
M
EDICINE
of
SECOND EDITION
V O L U M E
3
G-M
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, EDITOR
DEIRDRE S. BLANCHFIELD, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
The GALE Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices,the
acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the infor-
mation presented in this publication,the Gale Group neither guarantees
of MEDICINE
the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibili-
ty for errors,omissions or discrepancies. The Gale Group accepts no
SECOND EDITION
payment for listing,and inclusion in the publication of any organiza-
tion,agency,institution,publication,service,or individual does not
imply endorsement of the editor or publisher. Errors brought to the
attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publish-
STAFF
er will be corrected in future editions.
Jacqueline L. Longe,Project Editor
This book is printed on recycled paper that meets Environmental Pro-
Deirdre S. Blanchfield,Associate Editor tection Agency standards.
Christine B. Jeryan,Managing Editor
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence
Donna Olendorf,Senior Editor
Paper for Printed Library Materials,ANSI Z39.48-1984.
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have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one
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Gale encyclopedia of medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe,editor;
Mary Beth Trimper,Manager,Composition and
Deirdre S. Blanchfield,associate editor — 2nd ed.
Electronic Prepress
p. cm.
Evi Seoud,Assistant Manager,Composition Purchasing
Includes bibliographical references and index.
and Electronic Prepress Contents:Vol. 1. A-B — v. 2. C-F — v. 3.
Dorothy Maki,Manufacturing Manager G-M — v. 4. N-S — v. 5. T-Z.
Wendy Blurton,Senior Manufacturing Specialist ISBN 0-7876-5489-2 (set:hardcover) — ISBN 0-7876-5490-6
(vol. 1) — ISBN 0-7876-5491-4 (vol. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-5492-2
(vol. 3) — ISBN 0-7876-5493-0 (vol. 4) — ISBN 0-7876-5494-9
(vol. 5)
1. Internal medicine—Encyclopedias. I. Longe,Jacqueline L.
II. Blanchfield,Deirdre S. III. Gale Research Company.
RC41.G35 2001
616’.003—dc21
2001051245
CONTENTS
Introduction ix
....................................................
Advisory Board xi
..............................................
Contributors xiii
.................................................
Entries
Volume 1:A-B..............................................1
Volume 2:C-F..........................................625
Volume 3:G-M.......................................1375
Volume 4:N-S........................................2307
Volume 5:T-Z........................................3237
Organizations 3603
............................................
General Index 3625
............................................
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 V
PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2is a medical ref- kind, including without limitation, warranties of mer-
erence product designed to inform and educate readers chantability or fitness for a particular purpose,nor does it
about a wide variety of disorders,conditions,treatments, guarantee the accuracy,comprehensiveness,or timeliness
and diagnostic tests. The Gale Group believes the product of the information contained in this product. Readers
to be comprehensive,but not necessarily definitive. It is should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge
intended to supplement,not replace,consultation with a is constantly growing and changing,and that differences
physician or other healthcare practitioner. While the Gale of medical opinion exist among authorities. Readers are
Group has made substantial efforts to provide information also advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment
that is accurate,comprehensive,and up-to-date,the Gale for any medical condition, and to discuss information
Group makes no representations or warranties of any obtained from this book with their health care provider.
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 VII
INTRODUCTION
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 (GEM2) is a this approach has come to be known as alternative medi-
one-stop source for medical information on nearly 1,700 cine. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 includes a
common medical disorders,conditions,tests,and treat- number of essays on alternative therapies,ranging from
ments, including high-profile diseases such as AIDS, traditional Chinese medicine to homeopathy and from
Alzheimer’s disease,cancer,and heart attack. This ency- meditation to aromatherapy. In addition to full essays on
clopedia avoids medical jargon and uses language that alternative therapies,the encyclopedia features specific
laypersons can understand, while still providing thor- Alternative treatmentsections for diseases and condi-
ough coverage of each topic. The Gale Encyclopedia of tions that may be helped by complementary therapies.
Medicine 2 fills a gap between basic consumer health
resources,such as single-volume family medical guides,
and highly technical professional materials. INCLUSION CRITERIA
A preliminary list of diseases,disorders,tests and treat-
SCOPE ments was compiled from a wide variety of sources,
including professional medical guides and textbooks as
Almost 1,700 full-length articles are included in the
well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. The general
Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2,including disorders/
advisory board, made up of public librarians, medical
conditions, tests/procedures, and treatments/therapies.
librarians and consumer health experts,evaluated the top-
Many common drugs are also covered,with generic drug
ics and made suggestions for inclusion. The list was sorted
names appearing first and brand names following in
by category and sent to GEM2medical advisors,certified
parentheses,eg. acetaminophen (Tylenol). Throughout
physicians with various medical specialities,for review.
the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2,many prominent
Final selection of topics to include was made by the med-
individuals are highlighted as sidebar biographies that
ical advisors in conjunction with the Gale Group editor.
accompany the main topical essays. Articles follow a
standardized format that provides information at a
glance. Rubrics include:
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
Disorders/Conditions Tests/Treatments
The essays were compiled by experienced medical
Definition Definition writers,including physicians,pharmacists,nurses,and
Description Purpose other health care professionals. GEM2medical advisors
Causes and symptoms Precautions reviewed the completed essays to insure that they are
Diagnosis Description appropriate,up-to-date,and medically accurate.
Treatment Preparation
Alternative treatment Aftercare
Prognosis Risks HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
Prevention Normal/Abnormal results
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 has been
Resources Resources
designed with ready reference in mind.
Key terms Key terms
• Straight alphabetical arrangementallows users to
In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest
locate information quickly.
in holistic medicine that emphasizes the connection
between mind and body. Aimed at achieving and main- • Bold-faced terms function as print hyperlinks that
taining good health rather than just eliminating disease, point the reader to related entries in the encyclopedia.
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 IX
n • Cross-referencesplaced throughout the encyclopedia • Resources sectiondirects users to additional sources
o
ti direct readers to where information on subjects with- of medical information on a topic.
c
u out entries can be found. Synonyms are also cross-ref-
d • A comprehensive general indexallows users to easily
o erenced.
r target detailed aspects of any topic, including Latin
t
n
I • A list of key termsare provided where appropriate to names.
define unfamiliar terms or concepts.
GRAPHICS
• Valuable contact informationfor organizations and
support groups is included with each entry. The The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 is enhanced
appendix contains an extensive list of organizations with over 675 color images, including photos, charts,
arranged in alphabetical order. tables,and customized line drawings.
X GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2
ADVISORY BOARD
A number of experts in the library and medical communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this ency-
clopedia. Our advisory board performed a myriad of duties,from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing individual
entries for accuracy and accessibility. The editor would like to express her appreciation to them.
MEDICAL ADVISORS Consultant Psychotherapist in The Permanente Medical Group
Private Practice Richmond,CA
A. Richard Adrouny,M.D.,
Lathrup Village,MI
F.A.C.P. Amy B. Tuteur,M.D.
Clinical Assistant Professor of L. Anne Hirschel,D.D.S. Sharon,MA
Medicine Southfield,MI
Division of Oncology
Stanford University Larry I. Lutwick M.D.,F.A.C.P. LIBRARIAN ADVISORS
Director of Medical Oncology Director,Infectious Diseases Maureen O. Carleton,MLIS
Community Hospital of Los Gatos- VA Medical Center Medical Reference Specialist
Saratoga Brooklyn,NY King County Library System
Los Gatos,CA Bellevue,WA
Ira Michelson,M.D.,M.B.A.,
Laurie Barclay,M.D. F.A.C.O.G. Elizabeth Clewis Crim,MLS
Neurological Consulting Services Physician and Clinical Instructor Collection Specialist
Tampa,FL University of Michigan Prince William Public Library,VA
Ann Arbor,MI
Kenneth J. Berniker,M.D. Valerie J. Lawrence,MLS
Attending Physician Susan Mockus,M.D. Assistant Librarian
Emergency Department Scientific Consultant Western States Chiropractic
Kaiser Permanente Medical Center Seattle,WA College
Vallejo,CA Portland,OR
Ralph M. Myerson,M.D.,
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt,M.D. F.A.C.P. Barbara J. O’Hara,MLS
Durham,NC Clinical Professor of Medicine Adult Services Librarian
Medical College of Pennsylvania– Free Library of Philadelphia,PA
Robin Dipasquale,N.D.
Hahnemann University
Clinical Faculty Alan M. Rees,MLS
Philadelphia,PA
Bastyr University Professor Emeritus
Seattle,WA Case Western Reserve University
Ronald Pies,M.D.
Cleveland,OH
Faye Fishman,D.O. Clinical Professor of Psychiatry
Randolph,NJ Tufts University
School of Medicine
J. Gary Grant,M.D.
Boston,MA
Pacific Grove,CA
Lecturer on Psychiatry
Laith F. Gulli,M.D.
Harvard Medical School
M.Sc.,M.Sc.(MedSci),MSA,
Cambridge,MA
Msc.Psych.,MRSNZ
FRSH,FRIPHH,FAIC,FZS Lee A. Shratter,M.D.
DAPA,DABFC,DABCI Staff Radiologist
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 XI
CONTRIBUTORS
Margaret Alic,Ph.D. Donald G. Barstow,R.N. Maury M. Breecher,Ph.D.
Science Writer Clincal Nurse Specialist Health Communicator/Journalist
Eastsound,WA Oklahoma City,OK Northport,AL
Janet Byron Anderson Carin Lea Beltz,M.S. Ruthan Brodsky
Linguist/Language Consultant Genetic Counselor and Program Medical Writer
Rocky River,OH Director Bloomfield Hills,MI
The Center for Genetic Counseling Tom Brody,Ph.D.
Lisa Andres,M.S.,C.G.C.
Indianapolis,IN Science Writer
Certified Genetic Counselor and
Berkeley,CA
Medical Writer Linda K. Bennington,C.N.S.
San Jose,CA Science Writer Leonard C. Bruno,Ph.D.
Virginia Beach,VA Medical Writer
Greg Annussek
Chevy Chase,MD
Medical Writer/Editor Issac R. Berniker
New York,NY Medical Writer Diane Calbrese
Vallejo,CA Medical Sciences and Technology
Bill Asenjo,M.S.,C.R.C.
Writer
Science Writer Kathleen Berrisford,M.S.V.
Silver Spring,Maryland
Iowa City,IA Science Writer
Richard H. Camer
Sharon A. Aufox,M.S.,C.G.C. Bethanne Black Editor
Genetic Counselor Medical Writer International Medical News Group
Rockford Memorial Hospital Atlanta,GA Silver Spring,MD
Rockford,IL
Jennifer Bowjanowski,M.S., Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt,M.D.
Sandra Bain Cushman C.G.C. Medical Writer
Massage Therapist,Alexander Genetic Counselor Durham,NC
Technique Practitioner Children’s Hospital Oakland
Lata Cherath,Ph.D.
Charlottesville,VA Oakland,CA
Science Writing Intern
Howard Baker Michelle Q. Bosworth,M.S.,C.G.C. Cancer Research Institute
Medical Writer Genetic Counselor New York,NY
North York,Ontario Eugene,OR
Linda Chrisman
Laurie Barclay,M.D. Barbara Boughton Massage Therapist and Educator
Neurological Consulting Services Health and Medical Writer Oakland,CA
Tampa,FL El Cerrito,CA
Lisa Christenson,Ph.D.
Jeanine Barone Cheryl Branche,M.D. Science Writer
Nutritionist,Exercise Physiologist Retired General Practitioner Hamden,CT
New York,NY Jackson,MS
Geoffrey N. Clark,D.V.M.
Julia R. Barrett Michelle Lee Brandt Editor
Science Writer Medical Writer Canine Sports Medicine Update
Madison,WI San Francisco,CA Newmarket,NH
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 XIII
s Rhonda Cloos,R.N. Thomas Scott Eagan Julie A. Gelderloos
r
o
t Medical Writer Student Researcher Biomedical Writer
u
b Austin,TX University of Arizona Playa del Rey,CA
ri
nt Tucson,AZ
o Gloria Cooksey,C.N.E Gary Gilles,M.A.
C
Medical Writer Altha Roberts Edgren Medical Writer
Sacramento,CA Medical Writer Wauconda,IL
Medical Ink
Amy Cooper,M.A.,M.S.I. Harry W. Golden
St. Paul,MN
Medical Writer Medical Writer
Vermillion,SD Karen Ericson,R.N. Shoreline Medical Writers
Medical Writer Old Lyme,CT
David A. Cramer,M.D.
Estes Park,CO
Medical Writer Debra Gordon
Chicago,IL L. Fleming Fallon Jr.,M.D., Medical Writer
Dr.PH Nazareth,PA
Esther Csapo Rastega,R.N.,B.S.N.
Associate Professor of Public
Medical Writer Megan Gourley
Health
Holbrook,MA Writer
Bowling Green State University
Germantown,MD
Arnold Cua,M.D. Bowling Green,OH
Physician Jill Granger,M.S.
Brooklyn,NY Faye Fishman,D.O. Senior Research Associate
Physician University of Michigan
Tish Davidson,A.M.
Randolph,NJ Ann Arbor,MI
Medical Writer
Fremont,California Janis Flores Alison Grant
Medical Writer Medical Writer
Dominic De Bellis,Ph.D.
Lexikon Communications Averill Park,NY
Medical Writer/Editor
Sebastopol,CA
Mahopac,NY Elliot Greene,M.A.
Risa Flynn former president,American
Lori De Milto
Medical Writer Massage Therapy Association
Medical Writer
Culver City,CA Massage Therapist
Sicklerville,NJ
Silver Spring,MD
Paula Ford-Martin
Robert S. Dinsmoor
Medical Writer Peter Gregutt
Medical Writer
Chaplin,MN Writer
South Hamilton,MA
Asheville,NC
Janie F. Franz
Stephanie Dionne,B.S.
Writer Laith F. Gulli,M.D.
Medical Writer
Grand Forks,ND M.Sc.,M.Sc.(MedSci),M.S.A.,
Ann Arbor,MI
Msc.Psych,MRSNZ
Sallie Freeman,Ph.D.,B.S.N.
Martin W. Dodge,Ph.D. FRSH,FRIPHH,FAIC,FZS
Medical Writer
Technical Writer/Editor DAPA,DABFC,DABCI
Centinela Hospital and Medical Atlanta,GA Consultant Psychotherapist in
Center Private Practice
Rebecca J. Frey,Ph.D.
Inglewood,CA Lathrup Village,MI
Research and Administrative
David Doermann Associate Kapil Gupta,M.D.
Medical Writer East Rock Institute Medical Writer
Salt Lake City,UT New Haven,CT Winston-Salem,NC
Stefanie B. N. Dugan,M.S. Cynthia L. Frozena,R.N. Maureen Haggerty
Genetic Counselor Nurse,Medical Writer Medical Writer
Milwaukee,WI Manitowoc,WI Ambler,PA
Doug Dupler,M.A. Ron Gasbarro,Pharm.D. Clare Hanrahan
Science Writer Medical Writer Medical Writer
Boulder,CO New Milford,PA Asheville,NC
XIV GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2