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Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Vol. 3. 2nd ed PDF

941 Pages·2004·16.32 MB·English
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GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA M EDICINE of SECOND EDITION G ALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA M EDICINE of SECOND EDITION V O L U M E 3 G-M JACQUELINE L. LONGE, EDITOR DEIRDRE S. BLANCHFIELD, ASSOCIATE EDITOR The GALE Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices,the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. ENCYCLOPEDIA While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the infor- mation presented in this publication,the Gale Group neither guarantees of MEDICINE the accuracy of the data contained herein nor assumes any responsibili- ty for errors,omissions or discrepancies. The Gale Group accepts no SECOND EDITION payment for listing,and inclusion in the publication of any organiza- tion,agency,institution,publication,service,or individual does not imply endorsement of the editor or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publish- STAFF er will be corrected in future editions. Jacqueline L. Longe,Project Editor This book is printed on recycled paper that meets Environmental Pro- Deirdre S. Blanchfield,Associate Editor tection Agency standards. Christine B. Jeryan,Managing Editor The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence Donna Olendorf,Senior Editor Paper for Printed Library Materials,ANSI Z39.48-1984. Stacey Blachford,Associate Editor Kate Kretschmann,Melissa C. McDade,Ryan This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws,as well as by misappropriation,trade secret,unfair com- Thomason,Assistant Editors petition,and other applicable laws. The authors and editor of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one Mark Springer,Technical Specialist or more of the following:unique and original selection,coordination, Andrea Lopeman,Programmer/Analyst expression,arrangement,and classification of the information. Barbara J. Yarrow,Manager,Imaging and Multimedia Gale Group and design is a trademark used herein under license. Content All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Robyn V. Young,Project Manager,Imaging and Copyright ©2002 Multimedia Content Gale Group Dean Dauphinais,Senior Editor,Imaging and 27500 Drake Road Multimedia Content Farmington Hills,MI 48331-3535 Kelly A. Quin,Editor,Imaging and Multimedia Content All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in Leitha Etheridge-Sims,Mary K. Grimes,Dave Oblender, part in any form. Image Catalogers ISBN 0-7876-5489-2 (set) Pamela A. Reed,Imaging Coordinator 0-7876-5490-6 (Vol. 1) Randy Bassett,Imaging Supervisor 0-7876-5491-4 (Vol. 2) Robert Duncan,Senior Imaging Specialist 0-7876-5492-2 (Vol. 3) Dan Newell,Imaging Specialist 0-7876-5493-0 (Vol. 4) Christine O’Bryan,Graphic Specialist 0-7876-5494-9 (Vol. 5) Printed in the United States of America Maria Franklin,Permissions Manager 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Margaret A. Chamberlain,Permissions Specialist Michelle DiMercurio,Senior Art Director Mike Logusz,Graphic Artist Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gale encyclopedia of medicine / Jacqueline L. Longe,editor; Mary Beth Trimper,Manager,Composition and Deirdre S. Blanchfield,associate editor — 2nd ed. Electronic Prepress p. cm. Evi Seoud,Assistant Manager,Composition Purchasing Includes bibliographical references and index. and Electronic Prepress Contents:Vol. 1. A-B — v. 2. C-F — v. 3. Dorothy Maki,Manufacturing Manager G-M — v. 4. N-S — v. 5. T-Z. Wendy Blurton,Senior Manufacturing Specialist ISBN 0-7876-5489-2 (set:hardcover) — ISBN 0-7876-5490-6 (vol. 1) — ISBN 0-7876-5491-4 (vol. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-5492-2 (vol. 3) — ISBN 0-7876-5493-0 (vol. 4) — ISBN 0-7876-5494-9 (vol. 5) 1. Internal medicine—Encyclopedias. I. Longe,Jacqueline L. II. Blanchfield,Deirdre S. III. Gale Research Company. RC41.G35 2001 616’.003—dc21 2001051245 CONTENTS Introduction ix .................................................... Advisory Board xi .............................................. Contributors xiii ................................................. Entries Volume 1:A-B..............................................1 Volume 2:C-F..........................................625 Volume 3:G-M.......................................1375 Volume 4:N-S........................................2307 Volume 5:T-Z........................................3237 Organizations 3603 ............................................ General Index 3625 ............................................ GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 V PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2is a medical ref- kind, including without limitation, warranties of mer- erence product designed to inform and educate readers chantability or fitness for a particular purpose,nor does it about a wide variety of disorders,conditions,treatments, guarantee the accuracy,comprehensiveness,or timeliness and diagnostic tests. The Gale Group believes the product of the information contained in this product. Readers to be comprehensive,but not necessarily definitive. It is should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge intended to supplement,not replace,consultation with a is constantly growing and changing,and that differences physician or other healthcare practitioner. While the Gale of medical opinion exist among authorities. Readers are Group has made substantial efforts to provide information also advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment that is accurate,comprehensive,and up-to-date,the Gale for any medical condition, and to discuss information Group makes no representations or warranties of any obtained from this book with their health care provider. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 VII INTRODUCTION The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 (GEM2) is a this approach has come to be known as alternative medi- one-stop source for medical information on nearly 1,700 cine. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 includes a common medical disorders,conditions,tests,and treat- number of essays on alternative therapies,ranging from ments, including high-profile diseases such as AIDS, traditional Chinese medicine to homeopathy and from Alzheimer’s disease,cancer,and heart attack. This ency- meditation to aromatherapy. In addition to full essays on clopedia avoids medical jargon and uses language that alternative therapies,the encyclopedia features specific laypersons can understand, while still providing thor- Alternative treatmentsections for diseases and condi- ough coverage of each topic. The Gale Encyclopedia of tions that may be helped by complementary therapies. Medicine 2 fills a gap between basic consumer health resources,such as single-volume family medical guides, and highly technical professional materials. INCLUSION CRITERIA A preliminary list of diseases,disorders,tests and treat- SCOPE ments was compiled from a wide variety of sources, including professional medical guides and textbooks as Almost 1,700 full-length articles are included in the well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. The general Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2,including disorders/ advisory board, made up of public librarians, medical conditions, tests/procedures, and treatments/therapies. librarians and consumer health experts,evaluated the top- Many common drugs are also covered,with generic drug ics and made suggestions for inclusion. The list was sorted names appearing first and brand names following in by category and sent to GEM2medical advisors,certified parentheses,eg. acetaminophen (Tylenol). Throughout physicians with various medical specialities,for review. the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2,many prominent Final selection of topics to include was made by the med- individuals are highlighted as sidebar biographies that ical advisors in conjunction with the Gale Group editor. accompany the main topical essays. Articles follow a standardized format that provides information at a glance. Rubrics include: ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Disorders/Conditions Tests/Treatments The essays were compiled by experienced medical Definition Definition writers,including physicians,pharmacists,nurses,and Description Purpose other health care professionals. GEM2medical advisors Causes and symptoms Precautions reviewed the completed essays to insure that they are Diagnosis Description appropriate,up-to-date,and medically accurate. Treatment Preparation Alternative treatment Aftercare Prognosis Risks HOW TO USE THIS BOOK Prevention Normal/Abnormal results The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 has been Resources Resources designed with ready reference in mind. Key terms Key terms • Straight alphabetical arrangementallows users to In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest locate information quickly. in holistic medicine that emphasizes the connection between mind and body. Aimed at achieving and main- • Bold-faced terms function as print hyperlinks that taining good health rather than just eliminating disease, point the reader to related entries in the encyclopedia. GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 IX n • Cross-referencesplaced throughout the encyclopedia • Resources sectiondirects users to additional sources o ti direct readers to where information on subjects with- of medical information on a topic. c u out entries can be found. Synonyms are also cross-ref- d • A comprehensive general indexallows users to easily o erenced. r target detailed aspects of any topic, including Latin t n I • A list of key termsare provided where appropriate to names. define unfamiliar terms or concepts. GRAPHICS • Valuable contact informationfor organizations and support groups is included with each entry. The The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 2 is enhanced appendix contains an extensive list of organizations with over 675 color images, including photos, charts, arranged in alphabetical order. tables,and customized line drawings. X GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 ADVISORY BOARD A number of experts in the library and medical communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this ency- clopedia. Our advisory board performed a myriad of duties,from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing individual entries for accuracy and accessibility. The editor would like to express her appreciation to them. MEDICAL ADVISORS Consultant Psychotherapist in The Permanente Medical Group Private Practice Richmond,CA A. Richard Adrouny,M.D., Lathrup Village,MI F.A.C.P. Amy B. Tuteur,M.D. Clinical Assistant Professor of L. Anne Hirschel,D.D.S. Sharon,MA Medicine Southfield,MI Division of Oncology Stanford University Larry I. Lutwick M.D.,F.A.C.P. LIBRARIAN ADVISORS Director of Medical Oncology Director,Infectious Diseases Maureen O. Carleton,MLIS Community Hospital of Los Gatos- VA Medical Center Medical Reference Specialist Saratoga Brooklyn,NY King County Library System Los Gatos,CA Bellevue,WA Ira Michelson,M.D.,M.B.A., Laurie Barclay,M.D. F.A.C.O.G. Elizabeth Clewis Crim,MLS Neurological Consulting Services Physician and Clinical Instructor Collection Specialist Tampa,FL University of Michigan Prince William Public Library,VA Ann Arbor,MI Kenneth J. Berniker,M.D. Valerie J. Lawrence,MLS Attending Physician Susan Mockus,M.D. Assistant Librarian Emergency Department Scientific Consultant Western States Chiropractic Kaiser Permanente Medical Center Seattle,WA College Vallejo,CA Portland,OR Ralph M. Myerson,M.D., Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt,M.D. F.A.C.P. Barbara J. O’Hara,MLS Durham,NC Clinical Professor of Medicine Adult Services Librarian Medical College of Pennsylvania– Free Library of Philadelphia,PA Robin Dipasquale,N.D. Hahnemann University Clinical Faculty Alan M. Rees,MLS Philadelphia,PA Bastyr University Professor Emeritus Seattle,WA Case Western Reserve University Ronald Pies,M.D. Cleveland,OH Faye Fishman,D.O. Clinical Professor of Psychiatry Randolph,NJ Tufts University School of Medicine J. Gary Grant,M.D. Boston,MA Pacific Grove,CA Lecturer on Psychiatry Laith F. Gulli,M.D. Harvard Medical School M.Sc.,M.Sc.(MedSci),MSA, Cambridge,MA Msc.Psych.,MRSNZ FRSH,FRIPHH,FAIC,FZS Lee A. Shratter,M.D. DAPA,DABFC,DABCI Staff Radiologist GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 XI CONTRIBUTORS Margaret Alic,Ph.D. Donald G. Barstow,R.N. Maury M. Breecher,Ph.D. Science Writer Clincal Nurse Specialist Health Communicator/Journalist Eastsound,WA Oklahoma City,OK Northport,AL Janet Byron Anderson Carin Lea Beltz,M.S. Ruthan Brodsky Linguist/Language Consultant Genetic Counselor and Program Medical Writer Rocky River,OH Director Bloomfield Hills,MI The Center for Genetic Counseling Tom Brody,Ph.D. Lisa Andres,M.S.,C.G.C. Indianapolis,IN Science Writer Certified Genetic Counselor and Berkeley,CA Medical Writer Linda K. Bennington,C.N.S. San Jose,CA Science Writer Leonard C. Bruno,Ph.D. Virginia Beach,VA Medical Writer Greg Annussek Chevy Chase,MD Medical Writer/Editor Issac R. Berniker New York,NY Medical Writer Diane Calbrese Vallejo,CA Medical Sciences and Technology Bill Asenjo,M.S.,C.R.C. Writer Science Writer Kathleen Berrisford,M.S.V. Silver Spring,Maryland Iowa City,IA Science Writer Richard H. Camer Sharon A. Aufox,M.S.,C.G.C. Bethanne Black Editor Genetic Counselor Medical Writer International Medical News Group Rockford Memorial Hospital Atlanta,GA Silver Spring,MD Rockford,IL Jennifer Bowjanowski,M.S., Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt,M.D. Sandra Bain Cushman C.G.C. Medical Writer Massage Therapist,Alexander Genetic Counselor Durham,NC Technique Practitioner Children’s Hospital Oakland Lata Cherath,Ph.D. Charlottesville,VA Oakland,CA Science Writing Intern Howard Baker Michelle Q. Bosworth,M.S.,C.G.C. Cancer Research Institute Medical Writer Genetic Counselor New York,NY North York,Ontario Eugene,OR Linda Chrisman Laurie Barclay,M.D. Barbara Boughton Massage Therapist and Educator Neurological Consulting Services Health and Medical Writer Oakland,CA Tampa,FL El Cerrito,CA Lisa Christenson,Ph.D. Jeanine Barone Cheryl Branche,M.D. Science Writer Nutritionist,Exercise Physiologist Retired General Practitioner Hamden,CT New York,NY Jackson,MS Geoffrey N. Clark,D.V.M. Julia R. Barrett Michelle Lee Brandt Editor Science Writer Medical Writer Canine Sports Medicine Update Madison,WI San Francisco,CA Newmarket,NH GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2 XIII s Rhonda Cloos,R.N. Thomas Scott Eagan Julie A. Gelderloos r o t Medical Writer Student Researcher Biomedical Writer u b Austin,TX University of Arizona Playa del Rey,CA ri nt Tucson,AZ o Gloria Cooksey,C.N.E Gary Gilles,M.A. C Medical Writer Altha Roberts Edgren Medical Writer Sacramento,CA Medical Writer Wauconda,IL Medical Ink Amy Cooper,M.A.,M.S.I. Harry W. Golden St. Paul,MN Medical Writer Medical Writer Vermillion,SD Karen Ericson,R.N. Shoreline Medical Writers Medical Writer Old Lyme,CT David A. Cramer,M.D. Estes Park,CO Medical Writer Debra Gordon Chicago,IL L. Fleming Fallon Jr.,M.D., Medical Writer Dr.PH Nazareth,PA Esther Csapo Rastega,R.N.,B.S.N. Associate Professor of Public Medical Writer Megan Gourley Health Holbrook,MA Writer Bowling Green State University Germantown,MD Arnold Cua,M.D. Bowling Green,OH Physician Jill Granger,M.S. Brooklyn,NY Faye Fishman,D.O. Senior Research Associate Physician University of Michigan Tish Davidson,A.M. Randolph,NJ Ann Arbor,MI Medical Writer Fremont,California Janis Flores Alison Grant Medical Writer Medical Writer Dominic De Bellis,Ph.D. Lexikon Communications Averill Park,NY Medical Writer/Editor Sebastopol,CA Mahopac,NY Elliot Greene,M.A. Risa Flynn former president,American Lori De Milto Medical Writer Massage Therapy Association Medical Writer Culver City,CA Massage Therapist Sicklerville,NJ Silver Spring,MD Paula Ford-Martin Robert S. Dinsmoor Medical Writer Peter Gregutt Medical Writer Chaplin,MN Writer South Hamilton,MA Asheville,NC Janie F. Franz Stephanie Dionne,B.S. Writer Laith F. Gulli,M.D. Medical Writer Grand Forks,ND M.Sc.,M.Sc.(MedSci),M.S.A., Ann Arbor,MI Msc.Psych,MRSNZ Sallie Freeman,Ph.D.,B.S.N. Martin W. Dodge,Ph.D. FRSH,FRIPHH,FAIC,FZS Medical Writer Technical Writer/Editor DAPA,DABFC,DABCI Centinela Hospital and Medical Atlanta,GA Consultant Psychotherapist in Center Private Practice Rebecca J. Frey,Ph.D. Inglewood,CA Lathrup Village,MI Research and Administrative David Doermann Associate Kapil Gupta,M.D. Medical Writer East Rock Institute Medical Writer Salt Lake City,UT New Haven,CT Winston-Salem,NC Stefanie B. N. Dugan,M.S. Cynthia L. Frozena,R.N. Maureen Haggerty Genetic Counselor Nurse,Medical Writer Medical Writer Milwaukee,WI Manitowoc,WI Ambler,PA Doug Dupler,M.A. Ron Gasbarro,Pharm.D. Clare Hanrahan Science Writer Medical Writer Medical Writer Boulder,CO New Milford,PA Asheville,NC XIV GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE 2

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