Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (NINE Volume Set)

6181 Pages·2015·273.333 MB·English

by  Gale

GALE
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FIFTH
EDITION
VOLUME
9
Chronology
Organizations
90000 Glossary
Index
9 781410 333964
9781410333964_GEM5_V9.indd 1 3/6/15 4:01 PM
GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:44Page 1
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
FIFTH EDITION
GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:51Page 3
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
F I F T H E D I T I O N
VOLUMES
1-9
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, EDITOR
GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/12/2015 09:14Page 4
ª2015Gale,CengageLearning ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyrighthereinmaybe
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ADVISORY BOARD
Anumberofmedicalspecialistsfromavarietyofbackgroundsprovidedinvaluableassistanceintheformulationofthis
encyclopedia. This advisory board performed a myriad of duties, from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing
individual entries for accuracy and accessibility. The editor would therefore like to express her sincere thanks and
appreciationforalloftheircontributions.
KenBerniker,MD MelindaGrangerOberleitner, BritishNutrition
Emergencyphysician RN,DNS,APRN,CNS Institute
ElCerrito,CA AssociateDeanandProfessor London,England,UK
CollegeofNursingandAllied
EmilyA.Darr,MD HealthProfessions ChitraVenkatasubramanian,
MD
Physician UniversityofLouisianaat
ClinicalAssistantProfessor,
Charleston,SC Lafayette
NeurologyandNeurological
Lafayette,LA
BrendaWilmothLerner, Sciences
RN SaraStannerSRD,PhD, StanfordUniversitySchoolof
MedicalEditorandWriter RPHNutr Medicine
Montrose,AL NutritionScientist PaloAlto,CA
GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:48Page 7
CONTENTS
Please Read—Important Information ix
.......
Introduction xi
................................................
Alphabetical List of Entries xiii
......................
Contributors xxix
...........................................
Volume 1: A–Bin entries 1
..............................
Volume 2: Bio–C entries 693
..........................
Volume 3: D–F entries 1439
..........................
Volume 4: G–I entries 2061
...........................
Volume 5: J–M entries 2805
..........................
Volume 6: N–P entries 3521
..........................
Volume 7: Q–S entries 4265
..........................
Volume 8: T–Z entries 4911
..........................
Volume 9: Chronology, Organizations,
Glossary, Index 5497
.................................
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION vii
GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:49Page 9
PLEASE READ—IMPORTANT INFORMATION
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, Fifth Edition makes no representations or warranties of any kind,
is a health reference product designed to inform and includingwithoutlimitation,warrantiesofmerchant-
educate readers about a wide varietyofhealthtopics, ability or fitness for a particular purpose, nor does it
including diseases, disorders, conditions, treatments guarantee the accuracy, comprehensiveness, or time-
and diagnostic tests, diets, alternative treatments, and liness of the information contained in this product.
prevention.Gale,CengageLearningbelievestheprod- Readersshouldbeawarethattheuniverseofmedical
ucttobecomprehensive,butnotnecessarilydefinitive. knowledge is constantly growing and changing, and
Itisintendedtosupplement,notreplace,consultation that differences of opinion exist among authorities.
with a physician or other healthcare practitioners. Readersarealsoadvisedtoseekprofessionaldiagno-
While Gale, Cengage Learning has made substantial sis and treatment for any medical condition, and to
efforts to provide information that is accurate, com- discuss information obtained from this book with
prehensive, and up-to-date, Gale, Cengage Learning theirhealthcareprovider.
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION ix
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INTRODUCTION
TheGaleEncyclopediaofMedicine5(GEM5)isa Tests,treatments,therapies,andotherprocedures
one-stop source for medical information on common
(cid:2) Definition
medical disorders, conditions, tests, treatments, drugs,
and other health-related topics, including high-profile (cid:2) Purpose
diseases such as AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer,
(cid:2) Precautions
and heart disease. This encyclopedia avoids medical
jargon and uses language that laypersons can under- (cid:2) Description
stand while still providing thorough coverage of each (cid:2) Preparation
topic. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 fills a gap
(cid:2) Aftercare
betweenbasicconsumerhealthresources,suchassingle-
volumefamilymedicalguides,andhighlytechnicalpro- (cid:2) Risks
fessionalmaterials.
(cid:2) Results
(cid:2) Alternatives
Scope
(cid:2) Resources
Almost 2,000 full-length articles are included in
(cid:2) Keyterms
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5, including disor-
ders/conditions, tests/procedures, and treatments/
Drugs,herbs,andsupplements
therapies. Many common drugs are also covered,
with generic drug names appearing first and brand (cid:2) Definition
names following in parentheses—e.g., acetaminophen (cid:2) Description
(Tylenol). Prominent individuals in medicine and his-
(cid:2) Recommendeddosage
toricmedicalbreakthroughsarehighlightedassidebars
thataccompanythemaintopicalessays.Articlesfollow (cid:2) Precautions
a standardized format that provides information at a
(cid:2) Sideeffects
glance.Rubricsinclude:
(cid:2) Interactions
Disordersandconditions (cid:2) Resources
(cid:2) Definition (cid:2) Keyterms
(cid:2) Description In recent years, there has been a resurgence of
interestinholisticmedicinethatemphasizestheconnec-
(cid:2) Demographics
tion between mind and body. Aimed at achieving and
(cid:2) Causesandsymptoms maintaining good health rather than just eliminating
(cid:2) Diagnosis disease, this approach has come to be known as alter-
native medicine. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5
(cid:2) Treatment
includes a number of essays on alternative therapies,
(cid:2) Prognosis rangingfromtraditionalChinesemedicinetohomeopa-
thy and frommeditation toaromatherapy. In addition
(cid:2) Prevention
to full essays on alternative therapies, the encyclopedia
(cid:2) Resources features specific Alternatives sections for diseases and
(cid:2) Keyterms conditions that may be helped by complementary
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION xi
GaleEncyclopediaofMedicine,5thEdition,Volume1,Finals3/11/2015 10:50Page 12
n therapies. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 also (cid:2) Cross-referencesplacedthroughouttheencyclopedia
o
ti includesentriesondiets,nutrition,andgeneralwellness. directreaderstowhereinformationonsubjectswith-
c
u out entries can be found. Synonyms and acronyms
d
ro Inclusioncriteria arealsocross-referenced.
t
n
I (cid:2) Alistofkeytermsareprovidedwhereappropriateto
Apreliminarylistofdiseases,disorders,tests,and
defineunfamiliartermsorconcepts.
treatments was compiled from a wide variety of sour-
ces, including professional medical guides and text- (cid:2) A chronology highlights significant events and dis-
books as well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. coveries in the field of medicine that helps give the
Final selection of topics to include was made by the reader a broad sense of the development of western
advisoryboardinconjunctionwiththeeditor. medicine through time and its importance in estab-
lishingpublichealthstandards.
Aboutthecontributors (cid:2) Valuable contact information for organizations and
support groups is included with each entry. The
The essayswerecompiledby experienced medical
writers,includingphysicians,pharmacists,nurses,and appendix contains an extensive list of organizations
otherhealthcareprofessionals.GEM5medicaladvisors arrangedinalphabeticalorder.
reviewed the completed essays to ensure that they are (cid:2) Theresourcessectiondirectsuserstoadditionalsour-
appropriate,uptodate,andmedicallyaccurate. cesofmedicalinformationonatopic.
(cid:2) Acomprehensivegeneralindexallowsuserstoeasily
Howtousethisbook target detailed aspects of any topic, including Latin
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine 5 has been names.
designedwithreadyreferenceinmind.
(cid:2)Straight alphabetical arrangement allows users to Graphics
locateinformationquickly.
TheGaleEncyclopedia ofMedicine5isenhanced
(cid:2)Bold-faced terms function as print hyperlinks that withover850images,includingphotos,charts,tables,
pointthereadertorelatedentriesintheencyclopedia. anddetailedillustrations.
xii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION
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ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES
Adrenalglandcancer Amblyopia
A
Adrenalglandscan Amebiasis
Adrenalvirilism Amenorrhea
Abdominalultrasound
Adrenalectomy Aminoaciddisordersscreening
Abdominalwalldefects
Adrenocorticotropichormone Aminoglycosides
Abortion,partialbirth
test Amnesia
Abortion,selective
Adrenoleukodystrophy Amniocentesis
Abortion,therapeutic
Adultdaycare Amputation
Abscess
Adultnutrition Amylasetests
Abscessincisionanddrainage
Adultrespiratorydistress Amyloidosis
Abuse
syndrome
Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis
Acetaminophen
Advancedirectives
Anabolicsteroiduse
Achalasia
Aging
Anaerobicinfections
Achondroplasia
Agoraphobia
Analatresia
Acidphosphatasetest
AIDS
Analcancer
Acne
Alagillesyndrome
Analwarts
Acousticneuroma
Alanineaminotransferasetest
Analgesics
Acrocyanosis Albinism
Analgesics,opioid
Acromegalyandgigantism Alcohol-relatedneurologic
Anaphylaxis
Actinomycosis disease
Anatomy
Acupressure Alcoholism
Anemias
Acupuncture Aldolasetest
Anesthesia
Acutekidneyfailure Aldosteroneassay
Aneurysmectomy
Acutelymphangitis Alexandertechnique
Angermanagement
Acutepoststreptococcal Alkalinephosphatasetest
Angina
glomerulonephritis Allergicpurpura
Angiography
Acutestressdisorder Allergicrhinitis
Angioplasty
Addiction Allergies
Angiotensin-convertingenzyme
Addison’sdisease Allergytests inhibitors
Adenoidhyperplasia Alopecia Angiotensin-convertingenzyme
Adenovirusinfections Alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)test test
Adhesions Alpha1-adrenergicblockers Animalbiteinfections
Adjustmentdisorders Alportsyndrome Ankylosingspondylitis
Admissiontothehospital Altitudesickness Anorectaldisorders
Adolescentnutrition Alzheimer’sdisease Anorexianervosa
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE, 5TH EDITION xiii