Gaining Competitive Advantage from Human Capital: Role of Markets and Firm Structure by Ulya Tsolmon Business Administration Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Sharon Belenzon, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________ Will Mitchell, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________ Ashish Arora ___________________________ Ronnie Chatterji ___________________________ Russ Coff Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT Gaining Competitive Advantage from Human Capital: Role of Markets and Firm Structure by Ulya Tsolmon Business Administration Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Sharon Belenzon, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________ Will Mitchell, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________ Ashish Arora ___________________________ Ronnie Chatterji ___________________________ Russ Coff An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration in the Graduate School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Ulya Tsolmon 2015 Abstract This dissertation develops new theory and evidence to show that human‐capital based competitive advantage of firms depends on the ability of firms to reallocate human capital and thereby can vary with external markets, firm structure, and firm openness to factor markets. The dissertation includes three empirical studies. The first study examines how labor market frictions due to strict employment protection regulations can be a source of competitive advantage for affiliates of corporate groups over standalone firms due to greater internal labor market flexibility of groups. These effects are more pronounced in environments where benefits from internal market flexibility are high. Utilizing the variation in labor laws and capital market development across 16 West‐European countries, the study finds a stronger competitive advantage for group affiliates in countries with rigid labor markets, but flexible capital markets. In these environments, group affiliates are more prevalent and they outperform standalone firms in terms of growth and profitability. The second study examines how structural features of a firm and the nature of managerial resources interact to influence top managerial mobility in corporate groups. Using a novel dataset on intragroup managerial mobility, the study documents decreased internal redeployment of managers to affiliates with minority shareholders, especially if those managers are high‐performing. These results are driven by hired iv managers. In contrast, family‐related managers, who are related to the controlling shareholders, are more likely to be deployed to partly‐owned, strategically peripheral and affiliates operating in regions where societal trust levels are low. These results suggest the importance of trust as a managerial attribute. The third study examines how disclosure of firm performance affects top manager mobility into and out of firms. Using managerial mobility data for 610,000 managers in over 32,000 corporate groups across Europe, the study shows the key tradeoffs in managerial markets associated with disclosure: disclosing firms lose more managers, especially if firms are performing well. Importantly, those departing managers leave to larger firms and to positions of greater responsibility. However, the results suggest that disclosing firms are better able to acquire new managers from other high‐performing firms. Further, survey evidence suggests that disclosing firms can mitigate managerial outflows by implementing better human capital management practices. The study contributes to understanding how firms can capture value from strategic human capital, while protecting and refreshing sources of competitive advantage that are embodied in firmʹs top management. Taken together, these three studies contribute to understanding conditions under which firms can capture value from mobility of strategic human capital, and the key tradeoffs associated with accumulating and protecting knowledge resources while tapping into external knowledge flows. v Dedication To my loving family—my husband and life companion Sod and my wonderful children Temuulen and Misheel—who always make me feel I can do no wrong. vi Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xv Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................xvi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Evidence from Three Essays ........................................................................................... 2 2 Market Frictions and the Competitive Advantage of Internal Labor Markets ................. 5 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Corporate Groups and EPL in Europe ........................................................................ 10 2.3 The Interaction between EPL and Financial Development ...................................... 15 2.4 Data................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Ownership .................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.2 Country Employment Regulations and Financial Development ....................... 22 2.4.3 Industry Employment Measures ............................................................................. 24 2.4.4 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................................. 28 2.5 Econometric Specification ............................................................................................. 29 2.6 Results .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.6.1 Likelihood of Group Affiliation .............................................................................. 33 2.6.2 Financial Performance .............................................................................................. 38 2.6.3 Evidence on Internal Redeployment ...................................................................... 41 vii 2.6.3.1 Intra‐Group Labor Mobility and Chinese Import Penetration .................... 41 2.6.3.2 Managerial Mobility ......................................................................................... 45 2.6.4 The Dynamics of Group Affiliation ........................................................................ 47 2.6.5 Robustness Checks .................................................................................................... 51 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion ........................................................................................... 55 3 Managerial Redeployment, Ownership Structure, and Family Ties ................................ 59 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Theory and Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 63 3.2.1 Managers as Strategic Resources ............................................................................. 63 3.2.2 Managerial Redeployment ....................................................................................... 65 3.2.3 Managerial Mobility in Multi‐Unit Firms .............................................................. 69 3.2.3.1 Ownership Structure ......................................................................................... 70 3.2.3.2 Managers as Trust‐ and Skill‐Based Resource ............................................... 73 3.3 Data................................................................................................................................... 77 3.3.1 Ownership Structure ................................................................................................. 77 3.3.2 Managerial Mobility .................................................................................................. 79 3.3.3 Manager Types .......................................................................................................... 82 3.3.4 Group Structure ......................................................................................................... 82 3.3.5 Regional Trust ............................................................................................................ 83 3.3.6 Descriptive Statistics ................................................................................................. 86 3.4 Econometric Specifications ............................................................................................ 92 3.4.1 Mobility Types ........................................................................................................... 92 viii 3.4.2 Ownership Structure ................................................................................................. 94 3.4.3 Types of Managers .................................................................................................... 95 3.5 Estimation Results .......................................................................................................... 98 3.5.1 Mobility Types: Stays vs. Internal vs. External Moves ........................................ 98 3.5.2 Ownership Structure: Presence of Minority Shareholders ................................ 101 3.5.3 Types of Managers: Family‐Related Managers ................................................... 106 3.5.4 Robustness Checks .................................................................................................. 109 3.6 Conclusion and Discussion ......................................................................................... 114 4 The Role of Firm Openness in the Markets for Managers................................................ 123 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 123 4.2 Background: Firm Performance and Markets for Managers .................................. 129 4.2.1 What Do Firms Look for When Hiring a Top Manager? ................................... 129 4.2.2 How Does Firm Performance Signal Its Top Managersʹ Ability? ..................... 131 4.3 Theory and Hypotheses ............................................................................................... 135 4.3.1 Openness and Markets for Managers ................................................................... 135 4.3.2 Firm Disclosure and Exit of Top Managers ......................................................... 138 4.3.3 Firm Disclosure and Hiring of Top Managers .................................................... 141 4.4 Data................................................................................................................................. 143 4.4.1 Main Variables ......................................................................................................... 145 4.4.1.1 Top Manager Mobility .................................................................................... 145 4.4.1.2 Firm Financial Disclosure ............................................................................... 146 4.4.2 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................... 149 ix 4.5 Econometric Specification ........................................................................................... 153 4.6 Estimation Results ........................................................................................................ 154 4.6.1 Disclosure and Exit ................................................................................................. 154 4.6.2 Disclosure and Hiring ............................................................................................. 159 4.6.3 Human Capital Management Practices ................................................................ 160 4.6.4 Robustness Checks .................................................................................................. 164 4.6.4.1 Addressing Potential Endogeneity of Disclosure ........................................ 165 4.6.4.2 Reverse Causality ............................................................................................. 169 4.6.4.3 Change in Disclosure Regulations ................................................................. 170 4.6.4.4 Empirical Precision and Levels of Analysis ................................................. 171 4.7 Conclusion and Discussion ......................................................................................... 172 5 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 176 Appendix A: The Origin of EPL.............................................................................................. 180 Appendix B: Additional Tables for Section 2 ........................................................................ 183 Appendix C: Additional Tables for Section 3 ....................................................................... 194 Appendix D: Additional Tables for Section 4 ....................................................................... 196 Appendix E: Market Wage and Exit Model .......................................................................... 199 Market Wage Framework ................................................................................................. 199 Information Structure ...................................................................................................... 200 Mobility .............................................................................................................................. 202 The Setup ........................................................................................................................... 203 Market Wages ................................................................................................................... 204 x
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