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Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering Ujjaval Patel Praghnesh Bhatt Nilesh Chothani Futuristic Trends in Numerical Relaying for Transmission Line Protections Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering Series Editor Muhammad H. Rashid, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13509 Ujjaval Patel Praghnesh Bhatt (cid:129) (cid:129) Nilesh Chothani Futuristic Trends in Numerical Relaying for Transmission Line Protections 123 Ujjaval Patel Praghnesh Bhatt Department ofElectrical Engineering Department ofElectrical Engineering AdaniInstituteofInfrastructureEngineering Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India Nilesh Chothani Department ofElectrical Engineering AdaniInstituteofInfrastructureEngineering Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India ISSN 2199-8582 ISSN 2199-8590 (electronic) Energy Systems inElectrical Engineering ISBN978-981-15-8464-0 ISBN978-981-15-8465-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8465-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface This book has been organized into seven chapters as following: Chapter1outlinestheintroductionandtraditionalprotectionphilosophyadoptedto shelterthepowersystemunderconsiderationalongwithstate-of-the-artreviewson the existing methods. The literature review starts with the technological develop- ments in the field of phasor estimation of analog input signal applied to numerical relays to initiate the relaying actions. It also covers the reviews on numerical distance protection schemes along with separate review on widely used methods based on traveling wave, artificial neural network, and wavelet transform techniques. This chapter also covers exhaustive literature survey on power swing detection methods for uncompensated and series compensated transmission lines. Attheend,theliteraturesurveyisalsoprovidedonauto-reclosuretechnologyused to discriminate between transient fault and permanent faults. Chapter 2 presents critical issues that influence the performance of numerical dis- tancerelaysalongwithappropriatemathematicalfundamentals.Themainresearch objectivesarenarratedinorder toclarify thescope ofresearchintheareaofsmart grid protections. This chapter also outlines the plan of work carried out during the research. Chapter 3 demonstrates the development of adaptive quadrilateral numerical relaying distance scheme for fault impedance compensation. It proposes an inno- vative solution over conventionally used distance relaying schemes. The proposed scheme adaptively modifies the characteristic of numerical relay adaptively dependingonthemagnitudeoffaultimpedance.Italsoidentifiesthefaulttypeand estimates fault location along with fault instance which are the key attributes of multi-functional numerical relays. Chapter4outlinesasimpleandeffectivemethodfordiscriminationbetweenpower swing and fault for uncompensated transmission line. The developed scheme is validated for various kinds of fault and power swing conditions, including sym- metrical fault occurring during the power swing. v vi Preface Chapter 5 reveals development of sequence-space-aided disturbance classifier technique for series compensated transmission line. It signifies usage of support vector machine (SVM) to detect and classify the fault occurring during the power swing. It proves to be very advance and effective discrimination method in com- parison with schemes developed by many researchers. Chapter 6 shows emulation of synchro-phasor-aided auto-reclosing scheme to discriminate between transient fault and permanent fault occurring in the transmissionline.Anextensivesimulationandhardwareemulationhavebeencarriedfor detection of transient fault with adaptive dead time control. It proves to be an effectiveauto-reclosingtechnologyforbothuncompensatedandcompensatedEHV and UHV transmission lines. The developed scheme indicates remarkable improvement in the stability and reliability of power grid network. Chapter 7 concludes the summary of this book for the protection of transmission linealongwithsuggestedmodificationsforsmartprotectiveschemes.Thescopeof future research has been also explored for the technocrats working in this field. Finally, literatures used during the research are outlined in references as sup- porting fundamentals behind this research. Ahmedabad, India Ujjaval Patel Gandhinagar, India Praghnesh Bhatt Ahmedabad, India Nilesh Chothani Acknowledgements Aswecompletethisbook,weacknowledgetheblessingsofAlmightyforenabling us to complete our research successfully. We are very much thankful to the management of Adani Institute of Infrastructure Engineering and Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University for providing great support during our research and providing the essence of research in terms of time, support, and freedom. We acknowledge the constant motivation provided to us during our crucial time. Obviously, this would not be possible without active cooperation of technical and nontechnical staff members of Electrical Engineering Department of both institutions. We obliged them for their direct and indirect support in carrying out various tasks associated with our research work. We are grateful to the following journals for permission to reprint essays: Chap. 3 was published as ‘Adaptive Quadrilateral Distance Relaying Scheme for Fault Impedance Compensation’, International Journal of Electrical Control and Communication Engineering, 14(1), (2018): 58–70; Chap. 4 was published as ‘Distance Relaying with Power Swing Detection based on Voltage and Reactive Power Sensitivity’, International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, 17 (1), (2016): 27–38; Chap. 5 was published as ‘A Novel Sequence-Space Aided SVM Classifier for Disturbance Detection in Series Compensated TransmissionLine’,IETScienceMeasurement&Technology,12(8),(2018):983– 993; Chap. 6 was publicized in ‘Novel Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive Dead Time Control for EHV Transmission Line’, IET Science Measurement & Technology,12(8),(2018):1001–1008foruncompensatedtransmissionline.Itwas further extended for compensated transmission line and was published as ‘Emulation of Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive Dead Time Control for Protection of Series Compensated Transmission Line’, Electric Power Component & Systems, 47(1), (2019): 77–89. This acknowledgement will be inconclusive without the mention of our dear family members for their support and understanding despite the hardships they vii viii Acknowledgements endured. Besides this, we would like to extend our regards to all dear friends and well-wishers for their constant greetings and support. Special thanks to the Springer Nature publication and associated press for the care they have given during the preparation and production of this book. Ujjaval Patel Praghnesh Bhatt Nilesh Chothani Contents 1 Transmission Line Protection Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Transmission Network Protection Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Necessity of Advanced Power System Protection. . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Traditional Transmission Line Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Time-Graded Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 Differential Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.3 Distance Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.4 Carrier-Aided Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3 Literature Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Review on Phasor Estimation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5 Numerical Distance Protection for Fault Context Identification . . . 10 1.5.1 Review on Microprocessor-Based Protection Schemes . . . . 11 1.5.2 Review on Neural Network-Based Protection Schemes . . . 11 1.5.3 Review on Traveling-Wave-Based Protection Schemes . . . 12 1.5.4 Review on Wavelet Transform-Based Protection Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6 Power Swing Detection Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6.1 Review on Power Swing Detection for Uncompensated Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6.2 Review on Power Swing Detection for SCTL . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.7 Auto-Reclosure Technology Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2 Transmission Line Protection: Issues and Research Needs . . . . . . . . 21 2.1 Issues in Numerical Distance Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.1 Effect of DC Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1.2 Fault Inception Angle and Power Flow Angle. . . . . . . . . . 22 2.1.3 Close-In Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.1.4 Influence of Fault Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.1.5 Load Encroachment and Evaluation of Zone 3 Relay Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ix