Fusion Plasma Physics PDF
Preview Fusion Plasma Physics
Weston M. Stacey Fusion Plasma Physics Related Titles Stock, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Nuclear Physics and its Applications 2013 ISBN: 978-3-527-40742-2 Stacey, W. M. Fusion: An Introduction to the Physics and Technology of Magnetic Confinement Fusion 2010 (2nd ed.) ISBN: 978-3-527-40967-9 Stacey, W. M. Nuclear Reactor Physics 2007 (2nd ed.) ISBN: 978-3-527-40679-1 Guest, G. Electron Cyclotron Heating of Plasmas 2009 ISBN: 978-3-527-40916-7 Stock, R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied High Energy and Particle Physics 2009 ISBN: 978-3-527-40691-3 Cocks, F. H. Energy Demand and Climate Change Issues and Resolutions 2009 ISBN: 978-3-527-32446-0 Martin, B. Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction 2009 ISBN: 978-0-470-74275-4 Woods, L. C. Theory of Tokamak Transport New Aspects for Nuclear Fusion Reactor Design 2006 ISBN: 978-3-527-40625-8 Weston M. Stacey Fusion Plasma Physics Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition The Author All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Prof. Weston M. Stacey publisher do not warrant the information contained in Georgia Institute of Technology these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Fusion Research Center Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, Atlanta, GA 30332-0745 data, illustrations, procedural details or other items USA may inadvertently be inaccurate. Cover Picture Library of Congress Card No.: applied for MAST Tokamak British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.ddb.de>. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Composition Da-TeX Gerd Blumenstein, Leipzig Printing and Binding Markono Print Media Pte Ltd, Singapore Print ISBN: 978-3-527-41134-4 Printed in Singapore Printed on acid-free paper Preface for 2nd Edition There have been significant developmentsin magnetic fusion plasma physics (and sup- portingtechnology)sincethefirsteditionofthisbookwaspublishedalmostsevenyears ago.TheformationoftheITERproject,inwhichEurope,Japan,Russia,theUSA,China, India and South Korea are collaborating on the construction and subsequent operation in the 2020s of the first experimentalfusion power reactor, has done much to focus the world’sfusionresearcheffortsonresolvingthe resolvablephysicsissuesthatremainfor thisperhapspenultimatesteponthepathtofusionpower.Thisfocusedattentionhasstim- ulated substantial progress in better understanding the physics of burning plasmas, the transportofparticlesandenergyfromthecentralplasmacoretotheedge,thephysicsof theedgeplasmawheretheinteractionwiththesurroundingmaterialwalltakesplace,and otherareasimportanttothesuccessofITER. Itistheintentionofthissecondeditiontoincorporatetheseadvancesinunderstanding oftokamakplasmaphysicsintoa comprehensivetextbookandreferenceonthestate-of- the-artin fusion plasma physics. Major additionshave been made to the sections on the physicsoftheplasmaedge,onthedivertor,ontherecyclingofneutralatomstorefuelthe plasma, on the physicsmodelsfor the transportof energyand particlesfromthe plasma coreintoandacrosstheplasmaedge,ontheevolvingfirst-principlesphysicscalculations of the turbulent processes thought to govern transport of energy from the core and on severalotherphysicsissuesimportanttoITER.Othersectionscontainingmaterialthathas beensupplantedorfoundtobenotasrelevantasthenewermaterialhavebeenreducedor eliminated. Aswiththe1st edition,this2nd editionisintendedasatextbookforadvancedunder- graduateandgraduatestudentsinphysics,nuclearengineeringandotherdisciplinesoffer- ing courses in fusion plasma physics. It is also intended as a reference for practicing physicistsandengineersinthefieldoffusionplasmaphysics,andasacombinationtext- book and referencefor those who are enteringthat field. The bookshould be accessible to anyone with the backgroundin math and physics of a university senior in physics or aphysics-basedbranchofengineering.Thematerialwasdevelopedforgraduatecourses in nuclear engineering at Georgia Tech (an asterisk denotes the material that we defer untilthesecondgraduatecourse),butthefirstgraduatecourseisroutinelytakenbyafew seniors. Asalways,theproductionofabooklikethisinvolvesalotmorepeoplethantheauthor. Iamgratefultoafewgenerationsofstudentswhohavehelpedmehonethematerialinto a formthey foundmoreunderstandable,to my administrativeassistants at GeorgiaTech who have helped with the assembling of figures, permissions, etc., and of course to the very good team under Anja Tschoertner at Wiley-VCH who pulled it all together. I am VI Prefacefor2ndEdition alsogratefultomywife,Penelope,fortoleratingwithreasonablygoodgracethenumerous holidayandweekendhoursthatIputintothiseffort,whichshenodoubtcorrectlypredicts “willnevermakeyouahouseholdname”. Atlanta,Georgia WestonM.Stacey January2012 Preface The developmentof mankind’s ultimate energy source, thermonuclearfusion, is a com- pellingintellectualchallengeforthoseinvolvedandamatterofenormousimportancefor all.Progresstodatehasbeenhardwon,butsubstantial.Wehavecomealongwayfromthe beginningofthisquestinthemiddleofthepastcenturyandnowstandonthethresholdof significantpowerproduction.Thetemperaturesoflaboratoryplasmas(theworkinggasof fusion)havebeenincreasedfromthetensofthousandsofdegreesoftheearlyfusionexper- imentstoabovesolartemperaturesandthentothehundredsofmillionsofdegreesrequired forterrestrialfusion.Theproximitytothe conditionsatwhichthistemperaturecouldbe maintainedindefinitelybytheself-heatingofthefusioneventhasbeenreducedfromthe factor of hundreds of thousands that characterized the early experiments to within less thanafactoroften.Tensofkilowattsoffusionpowerhavebeenproduced.Theengineer- ingdesignandR&DfortheInternationalThermonuclearExperimentalReactor(ITER), whichwillproducehundredsofmillionsofwatts,hasbeencompleted.Theconstruction ofITERinFrancewilllbegininthenearfuture. This progress in fusion energy development has been based on an ever-expanding understandingofthephysicsofmagneticallyconfinedplasmasandonimprovementsinthe technologyusedfortheirheatingandconfinement.Mostoftheadvancescitedabovehave been realized in a toroidal confinement concept known as the “tokamak,” and there are “advanced”variantsofthetokamakwhichpromisecertainadvantagesrelativetothe“con- ventional”tokamak.Moreover,thereareanumberofother,lessdevelopedmagneticcon- finementconceptsthatmayalsoleadtoimprovedperformance.Thenextquartercentury willsurelywitnessstepsonthepathtofusionpowerequallyasexcitingasthoseofthepast. Ihaveworkedonthedevelopmentoffusionpowerforabout30yearsandhavetaught graduate and advanced undergraduatecourses in fusion plasma physics at GeorgiaTech foralmostthatlong.Overthisperiod,boththedetailsandthescopeofthematerialthatI feltwasappropriatetoincludeinacourseonfusionplasmaphysicshaschangedsignifi- cantly,sothattheavailabletextbooks(includingoneofmyown)graduallybecameifnot outofdateatleastsomewhatdated,asmorecompletedevelopmentsofthe“conventional” topicsofplasmaphysics(e.g.individualparticlemotioninelectromagneticfields,kinetic andfluidtheory,MHDequilibrium,plasmainstabilities,classicaltransport,neutralbeam and wave heating) became available and as the portfolio of plasma physics was broad- enedtoincludenewtopics(e.g.non–inductivecurrent-drive,fluctuation-driventransport, rotation,plasma–materialsinteractions,H-modeedgetransportbarriers,thermalinstabili- ties,neutralatomtransport,divertors,operationaldensityandpressurelimits,futurefusion reactorandneutronsourceconcepts).Asmylecturenotesevolvedovertheyears,thenew materialcametodominatetheconventionalmaterialfoundintheavailabletextbookson plasmaphysics;hencemydecisiontopublishanewbookbasedontheselecturenotes. VIII Preface Thisbookisintendedasatextbookforstudentswithlittleornoknowledgeofplasma physicsbutwiththebackgroundinmathandphysicsthatwouldbeexpectedofthegrad- uate of a good undergraduatephysics or nuclear engineeringdepartment. Essentially all ofthematerialcanbecoveredinatwo-semestercourse.Thesectionsthatarenotmarked withanasteriskcontainmaterialthatcanbecoveredinaone-semestercourseforstudents at the senior or first year graduate level. The sections marked with an asterisk contain materialthatIwouldomitfromaone-semestercourseeitherbecauseitisoflowerpriority oratamoreadvancedlevel.Thebookshouldalsoserveasaself-studyguideforadvanced studentsandprofessionalsonthe newermaterialnotfoundin othertextbooks.Since the bookprovidesmanypracticalcomputationalformulas,itshouldfurtherserveasauseful referenceforpracticingprofessionals,andithasadetailedindexforthatpurpose. It is always necessary to be selective in choosing what to include and what to omit in a textbook. Most importantly, I have chosen to describe fusion plasma physics from a theoretical viewpoint, although the field is predominantly experimental, because this seemsthe bestway to conveyan understandingofthe basic principles.I have attempted to be comprehensivein the treatment of plasma physics topics that are importantto the developmentoffusionpower,buthaveomittedotherplasmaphysicstopics.Ihaveusually chosena tokamakapplicationto illustrate these topicsbecausethe tokamakapplications are the most highly developed. I have tried both to develop the basic principles and to provide formulas that can be used in analyzing experimentalresults or designing future reactors,butIhavestoppedshortofdescribingthecalculationalproceduresusedinthebig codesof the field. I have includedsome discussionof experimentalresults, in particular forareasofcurrentresearch,buthaveomittedanydiscussionofplasmadiagnostics. The person who masters the material in this book should be able to understand the work that is going on in fusion research laboratories and should be able to understand the research reported in the major fusion plasma physics research journals. He or she shouldhavethebackgroundnecessarytoacquirethedetailedexpertiserequiredfororigi- nalresearchinanyareaofcurrentinterestinfusionplasmaphysics. The author of a textbook such as this is always indebted to the many people who developedthesubjectmatterandtothemanyotherpeoplewhoproducedthelecturenotes and finally the book. The subject matter of this book is based on material from many sources–thearchivalliteratureofthefield,specializedmonographsandreferencebooks, earliertextbooks,laboratoryreports,etc.,onlyafractionofwhicharecitedinthesection onfurtherreading.JohnMandrekasandEdwardThomaswereinvolvedintheassembling ofmaterialonplasmaedgephysicsandplasma-materialsinteractionsforanearlyversion of the lecture notes. Several versions of the lecture notes and the final manuscript were preparedbyShaunaBennett-BoydandCandaceSalim.Agenerationofstudentscalledmy attentiontotyposandworseinthelecturenotes,andZachFriis,DingkangZhangandRob Johnson helped with the proofreadingfinal. Finally, the team at Wiley-VCH – Cornelia Wanka,ClaudiaGrössl,PlamenTanovskiandothers–expertlyhandledtheconversionof thelecturenotesintoabook.ToallofthesepeopleIamgrateful. Atlanta,Georgia WestonM.Stacey August2005
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