Fungal Wilt Diseases of Plants

655 Pages·1981·11.902 MB·English

by  Marshal Mace

Fungal Wilt
Diseases of Plants
Kenneth F. Baker Paul E. Nelson
Carl H. Beckman G. F. Pegg
Alois A. Bell John E. Puhalla
D. C. Erwin W. C. Schnathorst
Robert W. Goth Lawrence R. Schreiber
R. J. Green, Jr. Shirley Nash Smith
Robert Hall William C. Snyder
D. F. Hindal P. W. Talboys
W. L. MacDonald Alden M. Townsend
Marshall E. Mace Raymond E. Webb
William MacHardy Stephen Wilhelm
Fungal Wilt
Diseases of Plants
EDITED BY
Marshall E. Mace, Alois A. Bell
National Cotton Pathology Research Laboratory
U.S. Department of Agriculture
College Station, Texas
Carl H. Beckman
Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island
1981
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco
COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Fungal wilt diseases of plants.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Fungous diseases of plants. 2. Wilt diseases.
I. Mace, Marshall Ε. II. Bell, Alois A. III. Beckman,
Carl H.
SB733.F86 632'.4 80-27537
ISBN 0-12-464450-3
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 An Overview
R. J. GREEN, JR.
I. Introduction 1
II. Causal Agents 3
III. Disease Syndrome 5
IV. Vascular Colonization 8
V. Wilting Phenomenon 9
VI. Dissemination and Survival 13
VII. Disease Complexes—Nematodes and Wilt Fungi 17
References 20
Chapter 2 Current Status
WILLIAM C. SNYDER AND
SHIRLEY NASH SMITH
I. Introduction 25
II. Verticillium Wilts 27
III. Fusarium Wilts 29
IV. Vascular Wilts Caused by Fungi That Are Not
Usually Soil-Borne 45
V. Conclusions 47
References 48
ν
vi CONTENTS
Chapter 3 Life Cycle and Epidemiology of
Fusarium oxysporum
PAUL E. NELSON
I. Introduction 51
II. The Fungus 52
III. The Disease 64
IV. Summary 77
References 78
Chapter 4 Life Cycle and Epidemiology of
Verticillium
W. C. SCHNATHORST
I. Introduction 81
II. Life Cycles 82
III. Epidemiology 91
IV. Conclusions 107
References 108
Chapter 5 Life Cycle and Epidemiology of
Ceratocystis
W. L. MacDONALD AND D. F. HINDAL
I. Introduction 113
II. Ceratocystis ulmi 114
III. Ceratocystis fagacearum 128
IV. Epilogue 139
References 140
Chapter 6 Genetics and Biochemistry of Wilt
Pathogens
JOHN E. PUHALLA AND
ALOIS A. BELL
I. Growth Requirements 146
II. Metabolism 149
III. Morphogenesis 161
IV. Variation among Wilt Fungi 167
V. Genetic Analysis of Wilt Fungi 172
VI. Genetics and Biochemistry as Tools for Wilt
Pathogen Research 182
References 184
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 7 Biochemistry and Physiology of
Pathogenesis
G. F. PEGG
I. Introduction 193
II. Colonization of the Xylem Vessels 196
III. Induction of Symptoms 198
IV. Altered Growth Substance Metabolism in
Vascular Wilt-Infected Plants 222
V. Respiratory Changes in Diseased Plants 233
VI. Photosynthesis 235
VII. Effect of Photoperiod on Symptom Development 236
VIII. Altered Phenol Metabolism 239
IX. Conclusions 245
References 246
Chapter 8 Water Relations
ROBERT HALL AND WILLIAM E. MacHARDY
I. Introduction 255
II. Water Relations in the Healthy Plant 256
III. Water Relations in Hadromycoses 266
IV. Discussion 292
References 297
Chapter 9 Sources and Genetics of Host Resistance
in Field and Fruit Crops
STEPHEN WILHELM
I. General Considerations 300
II. Field Crops 304
III. Fruit Crops 344
IV. Prospects 368
References 369
Chapter 10 Sources and Genetics of Host Resistance
in Vegetable Crops
ROBERT W. GOTH AND RAYMOND E. WEBB
I. Introduction 377
II. Genetics of Fungal Wilt Resistance of Some
Vegetables 378
III. Conclusions 400
IV. Summary Table 402
References 409
viii CONTENTS
Chapter 11 Sources and Genetics of Host Resistance
in Shade Trees
LAWRENCE R. SCHREIBER AND
ALDEN M. TOWNSEND
I. Introduction 413
II. Breeding and Selection of Trees for Disease
Resistance 414
III. Resistance to Specific Diseases 416
IV. Conclusions 427
References 428
Chapter 12 Biochemistry and Physiology of
Resistance
ALOIS A. BELL AND MARSHALL E. MACE
I. Introduction 431
II. Physiology of Induced Changes of Resistance 438
III. Environmental Determinants of Resistance 444
IV. Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungal Growth 449
V. Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungal Phytotoxins 469
VI. Conclusions 475
References 477
Chapter 13 Anatomy of Resistance
CARL H. BECKMAN AND P. W. TALBOYS
I. A Brief History 487
II. Resistance in Extravascular Root Tissues 488
III. Resistance within the Vascular System 499
IV. Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy in Resistance 516
V. Genetic Control of Resistance Mechanisms 517
References 518
Chapter 14 Biological Control
KENNETH F. BAKER
I. Biological Balance 524
II. Biological Control 525
III. Relevant Features of Pathogenic Fungi 532
IV. Biological Control prior to Infection: Suppressive
Soils 540
CONTENTS ÎX
V. Biological Control after Infection 549
VI. Some Supplemental Practices in Biological Control 552
VII. Epilogue 556
References 557
Chapter 15 Chemical Control
D. C. ERWIN
I. Introduction 563
II. Preventive Control with General Biocides 567
III. Therapeutic Control with Systemic Chemicals 572
IV. Diseases Controlled with Fungicides 579
V. Discussion 593
References 594
Chapter 16 Reflections
MARSHALL E. MACE, ALOIS BELL, AND
CARL H. BECKMAN
I. Introduction 601
II. Utility of Basic Studies of Disease 601
III. Genetics and Host-Parasite Relationships 603
IV. Reduction and Synthesis 604
References 607
Index 609