Funerary Ritual and Urban Development in Archaic Central Italy By Jennifer Marilyn Evans A disser

316 Pages·2014·15.31 MB·English

Funerary
Ritual
and
Urban
Development
in
Archaic
Central
Italy


By


Jennifer
Marilyn
Evans


A
dissertation
submitted
in
partial
satisfaction
of
the



requirements
for
the
degree
of


Doctor
of
Philosophy


in


Classical
Archaeology


in
the


Graduate
Division


of
the


University
of
California,
Berkeley


Committee
in
charge:


Professor
J.
Theodore
Peña,
Chair

Professor
Christopher
Hallett

Professor
Dylan
Sailor

Professor
Nicola
Terrenato

Professor
Carlos
Noreña


Spring
2014
Copyright
2014,
Jennifer
Marilyn
Evans
Abstract


Funerary
Ritual
and
Urban
Development
in
Archaic
Central
Italy


by


Jennifer
Marilyn
Evans


Doctor
of
Philosophy
in
Classical
Archaeology


University
of
California,
Berkeley


Professor
J.
Theodore
Peña,
Chair


This
dissertation
examines
the
evidence
for
burial
in
archaic
Rome
and
Latium
with
a
view

to
understanding
the
nature
of
urban
development
in
the
region.
In
particular,
I
focus
on

identifying
those
social
and
political
institutions
that
governed
relations
between
city‐
states
at
a
time
when
Rome
was
becoming
the
most
influential
urban
center
in
the
area.
I

examine
the
evidence
for
burial
gathered
primarily
from
the
past
four
decades
or
so
of

archaeological
excavation
in
order
to
present
first,
a
systematic
account
of
the
data
and

second,
an
analysis
of
these
materials.
I
reveal
that
a
high
degree
of
variation
was
observed

in
funerary
ritual
across
sites,
and
suggest
that
this
points
to
a
complex
system
of
regional

networks
that
allowed
for
the
widespread
travel
of
people
and
ideas.
I
view
this
as

evidence
for
the
openness
of
archaic
societies
in
Latium,
whereby
people
and
groups
seem

to
have
moved
across
regions
with
what
seems
to
have
been
a
fair
degree
of
mobility.
I

connect
the
variety
in
tomb
construction
to
the
more
widespread
phenomenon
of

monumentalization,
which
encouraged
the
construction
in
stone
of
residences,
temples
and

public
buildings
across
the
region.
I
consider
the
individuals
and
groups
responsible
for

these
types
of
construction,
and
how
they
contributed
to
the
development
of
and

interaction
between
city‐states.



I
begin
with
an
assessment
of
the
historical
reliability
of
the
ancient
sources
concerning

early
Rome,
since
they
were
written
centuries
later
than
the
time
in
question,
yet
comment

on
some
of
the
features
in
the
archaeological
record.
I
go
on
to
consider
the
literary

evidence
for
funerary
ritual
in
early
Rome,
in
order
to
determine
what
the
ancient
sources

have
to
say
about
the
customs
of
their
ancestors
and
what
significance
this
has
for
the

archaeological
evidence.
Then,
I
consider
the
documentary
evidence
for
funerary
ritual,

which
comes
from
the
legislation
of
the
Twelve
Tables.
The
prohibitions
preserved
here,
if

they
represent
a
valid
document,
illustrate
the
concerns
of
lawmakers
with
regard
to

funerary
activity
in
and
around
the
city
of
Rome.
In
the
following
section
I
present
the

archaeological
evidence
for
burial,
and
provide
a
detailed
summary
of
archaic
burials

according
to
site,
and
offer
a
brief
description
of
each
settlement
in
order
to
better

contextualize
the
data.
I
conclude
this
section
with
an
interpretation
of
the
evidence.

Finally,
I
concentrate
on
the
archaeological
evidence
from
archaic
Gabii,
which
results
from

my
own
participation
on
the
excavation
of
the
site.
The
results
of
these
excavations
allow

for
the
study
of
the
intersection
between
the
urban
area,
burial
and
landownership.

 1
To
Robert
B.
Caruthers


 i
Table
of
Contents


Chronology
of
Latial
Culture
and
the
Archaic
Period
 
 
 
 










iv


List
of
Abbreviations

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










v


List
of
Figures
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










vi‐xiii


Acknowledgements
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










xiv


1.
Introduction
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










1‐4


2.
The
Ancient
Historiographical
Sources
for
Early
Roman
History
 
 










5‐29


 2a.
Introduction


 2b.
The
Annalistic
Tradition


 2c.
The
Antiquarian
Tradition


 2d.
The
Narrative
Tradition


 2e.
The
Ancient
Documentary
Sources


 2f.
The
Oral
Tradition


 2g.
Landmarks,
Monuments
and
Toponyms



 2h.
Modern
Scholarship
Regarding
the
Historiographic
Tradition


 2i.
Conclusion


3.
The
Literary
Evidence
for
Roman
Funerary
Rituals
and
Burial
Practices
 











30‐50


 3a.
Introduction


 3b.
Cremation
and
Inhumation


 3c.
Infant
Burial


 3d.
Burial
in
the
Home


 3e.
Nocturnal
Burial


 3f.
Polybius


 3g.
Conclusion


4.
The
Documentary
Evidence
for
Roman
Funerary
Ritual:
the
Twelve
Tables












51‐75


 4a.
Introduction


 4b.
Transmission
and
Reconstruction
of
the
Twelve
Tables


 4c.
The
Tenth
Table


 4d.
Conclusion


5.
The
Archaeological
Evidence
for
Archaic
Burial
in
Latium
Vetus
 
 











76‐140


 5a.
Introduction


 5b.
Previous
Scholarship


 5c.
Types
of
Burial


 5d.
Funerary
Rite


 5e.
Archaeological
Sites


 5f.
Discussion


 5g.
Conclusion


 ii
6.
Burial
and
Urban
Development
in
Archaic
Gabii
 
 
 
 









141‐196


 6a.
Introduction


 6b.
The
Ancient
Sources
for
Archaic
Gabii


 6c.
History
of
Excavation


 6d.
Topography
and
Development
of
the
Site


 6e.
The
Gabii
Project


 6f.
The
Gabii
Project
‐
Area
D


 6g.
Chronology


 6h.
Features
of
Area
D:
The
Archaic
Building


 6i.
Features
of
Area
D:
The
Burials


 6j.
Conclusion


7.
Conclusion

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









197‐199


Figures
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









200‐267


Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









268‐295


Appendix
A:
Area
D
Harris
Matrix
2011
and
2012

 
 
 
 









296


Appendix
B:
Area
D
Burials

 
 
 
 
 
 
 









297‐299


 iii
Chronology
of
Latial
Culture
and
the
Archaic
Period1


Pre‐urban


Latial
Phase
I

 c.1000‐900

 
 Final
Bronze
Age
(Protovillanovan)

Latial
Phase
IIA
 c.
900‐830

 
 Early
Iron
Age
(Villanovan)


Proto‐urban


Latial
Phase
IIB
 c.
830‐770

 
 
 "

Latial
Phase
IIIA
 c.
770‐740

 
 
 "

Latial
Phase
IIIB
 c.
740‐730/20

 
 "

Latial
Phase
IVA
 c.
730/20‐640/30

 Early
and
Middle
Orientalizing
 

Latial
Phase
IVB
 c.
640/30‐580

 Late
Orientalizing


Urban


Archaic

 
 c.
580‐480/50



1
These
dates
are
based
on
Ampolo
et
al.
(1980)
and
are
the
most
widely‐used
in

scholarship
concerning
Bronze
and
Iron
Age
Latium.
I
have
adopted
this
chronology
for
my

dissertation.
However,
Bietti
Sestieri
and
De
Santis
(2006),
on
the
basis
of
radiocarbon

dates
recovered
from
funerary
and
settlement
contexts,
suggest
raising
the
conventional

chronology
by
about
50
to
100
years.
The
evidence
is
compelling,
but
may
require
further

review
before
gaining
wide
acceptance.
All
dates
are
B.C.E.
unless
otherwise
stated.


 iv
List
of
Abbreviations


AJP
 
 American
Journal
of
Philology

AL
 
 Archeologia
Laziale

ADRA
 
 Atlante
di
Roma
Antica

BullCom
 Bullettino
della
Commissione
archeologica
Comunale
di
Roma

CLP
 
 Civiltà
del
Lazio
primitivo

CVA
 
 Corpus
Vasorum
Antiquorum

GRT
 
 La
grande
Roma
dei
Tarquini

HSCP
 
 Harvard
Studies
in
Classical
Philology

ICr
 
 Inscriptiones
creticae
 
 

IG
 
 Inscriptiones
graecae

JHS
 
 Journal
of
Hellenic
Studies

LTUR
 
 Lexicon
topographicum
urbis
romae

LTURS

 Lexicon
topographicum
urbis
romae
suburbium

LTUR
Suppl.
 Lexicon
topographicum
urbis
romae
supplementum

NSc
 
 Notizie
degli
scavi
di
antichità.
Atti
dell'
Accademia
Nazionale
dei

 


 
 Lincei

NTDAR

 A
New
Topographical
Dictionary
of
Ancient
Rome

OpRom
 Opuscula
Romana

PP
 
 La
parola
del
passato

RendPontAcc
 Atti
della
Pontificia
Accademia
romana
di
archeologia

RM
Ergh
 Mitteilungen
des
Deutschen
Archaeologischen
Instituts,
Roemische

 


 
 Abteiling.
Ergänzungsheft

Roselle

 Gli
scavi
e
la
mostra.
Soprintendenza
per
i
Beni
Archeologici
della
Toscana.

SE
 
 Studi
Etruschi

TLE
 
 Testimonia
linguae
etruscae

 v
List
of
Figures


Chapter
1



Figure
1.1
Map
of
ancient
Latium,
showing
major
sites.
After
Smith
1996,
240,
map
1.


Chapter
5
The
Archaeological
Evidence
for
Archaic
Burial
in
Latium
Vetus


Figure
5.1
Plan
of
Rome
showing
hills
and
location
of
early
cemeteries.
Lanciani's


 excavations
are
indicated
just
north
of
the
Velia.
After
Holloway
1994,
24,
fig.
2.1.


Figure
5.2
Plan
of
the
Esquiline
necropolis
according
to
Pinza.
After
BullCom
1914,
pl.
V‐VI.


Figure
5.3
Attic
Red
Figure
pelike
from
tomb
89
on
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna


 1977,
140,
fig.
3/A.


Figure
5.4
Attic
Red
Figure
pelike
from
tomb
89
on
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna


 1977,
141,
fig.
3/B.


Figure
5.5
Container
of
peperino
of
tomb
193
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna


 1977,
142,
fig.
4.


Figure
5.6
Container
of
peperino
of
tomb
193
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Holloway


 1994,
26,
fig.
2.4.


Figure
5.7
Marble
urn
of
tomb
193
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Colonna
1977,
143,


 fig.
5/A.


Figure
5.8
Marble
urn
of
tomb
193
of
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
Holloway
1994,
26,
fig.


 2.3
.


Figure
5.9
Drawing
of
urn,
probably
from
tomb
5
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After


 Colonna
1977,
148,
fig.
7.


Figure
5.10
Urn,
probably
from
tomb
5
from
the
Esquiline
necropolis.
After
MonAnt
1905,


 186,
fig.
78.


Figure
5.11
Urn
from
unknown
tomb
as
drawn
by
Lanciani.
After
BullCom
1912,
38,
fig.
13.


Figure
5.12
Plan
showing
location
of
early
cemeteries
near
the
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.


 Triangles
indicate
the
tombs
excavated
by
Pinza;
the
black
rectangles
are
the
tombs


 excavated
by
Asor
et
al.
2009;
the
grey
rectangles
are
the
tombs
excavated
by
Colini


 1932.
After
Asor
Rosa
et
al.
2009,
76,
fig.
11.


 vi
Figure
5.13
General
plan
of
excavation
in
2002
in
the
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
After


 Barbera
et
al.
2005,
303,
fig.
38.


Figure
5.14
General
plan
of
excavation
in
2002
in
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
After
Barbera


 et
al.
2005,
307,
fig.
41.


Figure
5.15
Amphora
from
tomb
3
in
2002
excavations
in
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.
After


 Barbera
et
al.
2005,
310,
fig.
46.


Figure
5.16
Grave
goods
from
tomb
12
in
2002
excavations
in
Piazza
Vittorio
Emanuele
II.


 After
Barbera
et
al.
2005,
315,
fig.
59.


Figure
5.17
Sarcophagus
of
tuff,
tomb
12
from
2002
excavations
in
Piazza
Vittorio


 Emanuele
II.
After
Barbera
et
al.
2005,
315,
fig.
57.


Figure
5.18
General
plan
of
the
excavation
between
the
Viale
del
Monte
Oppio
and
the
Via


 delle
Terme
di
Traiano,
Rome.
After
Coarelli
2001
11,
fig.
4.


Figure
5.19
Suggrundarium
E
from
Via
Sacra,
Rome.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
147,
fig.
141.


Figure
5.20
Suggrundarium
F
from
Via
Sacra.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
147,
fig.
142.


Figure
5.21
Suggrundarium
LL
from
Via
Sacra.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
148,
fig.
143.


Figure
5.22
Suggrundarium
NN
from
Via
Sacra.
After
Gjerstad
1953,
148,
fig.
144.


Figure
5.23
Figure
5.23
Map
of
Rome
indicating
the
location
of
the
excavation
on
the
Via


 Goito.
After
Menghi
et
al.
2005,
352,
fig.
97.


Figure
5.24
Sarcophagi
from
Via
Goito,
Rome.
After
Menghi
et
al.
2005,
356,
fig.
106.



Figure
5.25
Map
showing
location
of
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
29,
fig.


 1.


Figure
5.26
Plan
of
building
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1981b,
255,
fig.
4.


Figure
5.27
Plan
of
chamber
tomb
3
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
32,
fig.


 10.


Figure
5.28
Plan
of
chamber
tomb
4
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,
36,
fig.


 11.



Figure
5.29
Plan
of
chamber
tombs
1
and
2
at
Acqua
Acetosa
Laurentina.
After
Bedini
1983,


 30,
fig.
2.



 vii